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Cap-independent translation and a precisely located RNA sequence enable SARS-CoV-2 to control host translation and escape anti-viral response
Nucleic Acids Research ( IF 16.6 ) Pub Date : 2022-07-18 , DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkac615
Boris Slobodin 1 , Urmila Sehrawat 1, 2 , Anastasia Lev 1 , Daniel Hayat 1 , Binyamin Zuckerman 3, 4 , Davide Fraticelli 1 , Ariel Ogran 1 , Amir Ben-Shmuel 5 , Elad Bar-David 5 , Haim Levy 5 , Igor Ulitsky 3 , Rivka Dikstein 1
Affiliation  

Translation of SARS-CoV-2-encoded mRNAs by the host ribosomes is essential for its propagation. Following infection, the early expressed viral protein NSP1 binds the ribosome, represses translation, and induces mRNA degradation, while the host elicits an anti-viral response. The mechanisms enabling viral mRNAs to escape this multifaceted repression remain obscure. Here we show that expression of NSP1 leads to destabilization of multi-exon cellular mRNAs, while intron-less transcripts, such as viral mRNAs and anti-viral interferon genes, remain relatively stable. We identified a conserved and precisely located cap-proximal RNA element devoid of guanosines that confers resistance to NSP1-mediated translation inhibition. Importantly, the primary sequence rather than the secondary structure is critical for protection. We further show that the genomic 5′UTR of SARS-CoV-2 drives cap-independent translation and promotes expression of NSP1 in an eIF4E-independent and Torin1-resistant manner. Upon expression, NSP1 further enhances cap-independent translation. However, the sub-genomic 5′UTRs are highly sensitive to eIF4E availability, rendering viral propagation partially sensitive to Torin1. We conclude that the combined NSP1-mediated degradation of spliced mRNAs and translation inhibition of single-exon genes, along with the unique features present in the viral 5′UTRs, ensure robust expression of viral mRNAs. These features can be exploited as potential therapeutic targets.

中文翻译:

不依赖帽的翻译和精确定位的 RNA 序列使 SARS-CoV-2 能够控制宿主翻译并逃避抗病毒反应

宿主核糖体对 SARS-CoV-2 编码的 mRNA 的翻译对其传播至关重要。感染后,早期表达的病毒蛋白 NSP1 与核糖体结合,抑制翻译并诱导 mRNA 降解,而宿主引发抗病毒反应。使病毒 mRNA 摆脱这种多方面抑制的机制仍然不清楚。在这里,我们显示 NSP1 的表达导致多外显子细胞 mRNA 的不稳定,而无内含子的转录本,如病毒 mRNA 和抗病毒干扰素基因,保持相对稳定。我们确定了一种保守且精确定位的近帽 RNA 元件,它没有鸟苷,它赋予对 NSP1 介导的翻译抑制的抗性。重要的是,一级序列而不是二级结构对保护至关重要。我们进一步表明,SARS-CoV-2 的基因组 5'UTR 驱动不依赖帽的翻译,并以不依赖于 eIF4E 和抗 Torin1 的方式促进 NSP1 的表达。表达后,NSP1 进一步增强不依赖帽的翻译。然而,亚基因组 5'UTR 对 eIF4E 可用性高度敏感,使得病毒传播对 Torin1 部分敏感。我们得出结论,结合 NSP1 介导的剪接 mRNA 降解和单外显子基因的翻译抑制,以及病毒 5'UTR 中存在的独特特征,确保了病毒 mRNA 的稳健表达。这些特征可以被用作潜在的治疗靶点。NSP1 进一步增强了与帽无关的翻译。然而,亚基因组 5'UTR 对 eIF4E 可用性高度敏感,使得病毒传播对 Torin1 部分敏感。我们得出结论,结合 NSP1 介导的剪接 mRNA 降解和单外显子基因的翻译抑制,以及病毒 5'UTR 中存在的独特特征,确保了病毒 mRNA 的稳健表达。这些特征可以被用作潜在的治疗靶点。NSP1 进一步增强了与帽无关的翻译。然而,亚基因组 5'UTR 对 eIF4E 可用性高度敏感,使得病毒传播对 Torin1 部分敏感。我们得出结论,结合 NSP1 介导的剪接 mRNA 降解和单外显子基因的翻译抑制,以及病毒 5'UTR 中存在的独特特征,确保了病毒 mRNA 的稳健表达。这些特征可以被用作潜在的治疗靶点。
更新日期:2022-07-18
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