Abstract

Millions of tons of nitroaromatic explosives are produced worldwide for military purposes and other applications. These substances lead to the accidental release of energetic materials, resulting in soil and groundwater pollution. Nitroaromatics are easily reducible because of their polarized N–O bands. Therefore, they are not sorbed strongly in the environment due to the intermediate character between hydrophobic and hydrophilic properties. Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) have recently been used to degrade emerging pollutants due to generating highly oxidizing agents, such as hydroxyl radical. The main objective of this study is to examine the possibility of the persulfate/ozone (as an activator) process in explosive degradation from an aqueous solution. Experiment designs and data analysis were evaluated using the Taguchi design method considering COD and TOC removal as responses. Next, 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) residual concentration was detected using the HPLC instrument. Finally, the most significant parameters that affected response removal were determined by variance (ANOVA) analysis. A satisfactory agreement of the quadratic model with the experimental data was confirmed by the high R² value (close to 1). The correlation coefficient of 0.9 indicates the high validity of the obtained models for removing COD and TOC. Hence, in removing COD and TOC, a very good agreement was found between the experimental values and the predicted values of the responses. Two-third of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene was transferred to inorganic compounds corresponding to CO₂ due to the generation of oxidative species. More than 72% COD and 65% TOC removal efficiency were obtained in 60 min employing pH neutral, PS 19 mM, and 40 mg/L TNT (k_t = 0.0191 min^–1, pseudo-first-order kinetic model). Overall, sulfate radicals activated by ozone could be considered a promising process for nitroaromatic degradation of industrial effluent.

中文翻译：

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田口设计法臭氧活化硫酸根协同爆炸降解的可行性研究

摘要

全世界为军事目的和其他应用生产了数百万吨的硝基芳烃炸药。这些物质导致含能物质的意外释放，造成土壤和地下水污染。硝基芳烃很容易被还原，因为它们具有极化的 N-O 谱带。因此，由于疏水性和亲水性之间的中间特性，它们不会在环境中被强烈吸附。高级氧化工艺 (AOP) 最近已被用于降解新出现的污染物，因为它会产生高氧化剂，例如羟基自由基。本研究的主要目的是检查过硫酸盐/臭氧（作为活化剂）过程在水溶液爆炸性降解中的可能性。使用田口设计方法评估实验设计和数据分析，考虑 COD 和 TOC 去除作为响应。接下来，使用 HPLC 仪器检测 2,4,6-三硝基甲苯 (TNT) 残留浓度。最后，通过方差 (ANOVA) 分析确定影响响应去除的最重要参数。二次模型与实验数据的令人满意的一致性得到了高R ²值（接近 1）。相关系数为 0.9 表明所获得的模型在去除 COD 和 TOC 方面具有很高的有效性。因此，在去除 COD 和 TOC 时，在实验值和响应的预测值之间发现了非常好的一致性。由于氧化物质的产生，三分之二的 2,4,6-三硝基甲苯被转移到对应于 CO _{2的无机化合物中。}使用 pH 中性、PS 19 mM 和 40 mg/L TNT（ k _t = 0.0191 min ^–1，准一级动力学模型）在 60 分钟内获得超过 72% COD 和 65% TOC 的去除效率。总体而言，臭氧激活的硫酸根自由基可以被认为是工业废水硝基芳烃降解的有前景的工艺。