OBJECTIVE Ultraprocessed foods (UPFs) have been linked with obesity and cardiometabolic diseases in the general population but are understudied in pregnancy. We examined associations of UPF intake with gestational weight gain (GWG), glycemic, and blood pressure outcomes in pregnancy. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Pregnant women (n = 1,948) in a prospective U.S. cohort self-reported the past 3-month diet using a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) at 8–13 weeks of gestation. The intake quantity (g/day) of foods and beverages identified as UPFs was ranked into quartiles. Associations of UPFs were evaluated, after adjusting for confounders, with 2nd and 3rd trimester Institute of Medicine (IOM) GWG categories, gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (GHTN). Secondary outcomes included GWG rate, glucose challenge test 1-h glucose, and blood pressure trajectories from linear mixed models. RESULTS A total of 492 (25.2%) and 699 women (35.9%) had 2nd and 3rd trimester excessive GWG, respectively, and 85 women (4.4%) had GDM and 63 (3.2%) had severe hypertension or preeclampsia. UPF intake was not associated with higher odds of excessive GWG (quartile 4 vs. 1: adjusted odds ratio 0.68 [95% CI 0.44, 1.05], P-trend = 0.10 for 2nd trimester) or GDM risk (quartile 4 vs. 1: adjusted risk ratio 0.99 [95% CI 0.46, 2.11], P-trend = 0.85). Although UPF intake was positively associated with minor differences blood pressure trajectories, associations with GHTN were null. CONCLUSIONS The expected unfavorable association of higher UPF intake with excessive GWG, GDM, and GHTN was not observed in our cohort of low-risk pregnant women. These results are based on a limited sample size and require replication.

中文翻译：

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围孕期和妊娠早期超加工食物摄入量和母亲心脏代谢结果

目的 超加工食品 (UPF) 与普通人群的肥胖和心脏代谢疾病有关，但在怀孕期间的研究还不够。我们研究了 UPF 摄入量与妊娠期体重增加 (GWG)、血糖和血压结果的关系。研究设计和方法 美国前瞻性队列中的孕妇 (n = 1,948) 在妊娠 8-13 周时使用食物频率问卷 (FFQ) 自我报告了过去 3 个月的饮食情况。将被确定为 UPF 的食品和饮料的摄入量（克/天）分为四分位数。在调整混杂因素后，评估了 UPF 与第二和第三三个月医学研究所 (IOM) GWG 类别、妊娠糖尿病 (GDM) 和妊娠高血压疾病 (GHTN) 的关联。次要结果包括 GWG 率、葡萄糖激发试验 1 小时血糖以及线性混合模型的血压轨迹。结果 共有 492 名（25.2%）和 699 名（35.9%）女性在妊娠第二和第三个月 GWG 过高，85 名女性（4.4%）患有 GDM，63 名（3.2%）患有严重高血压或先兆子痫。UPF 摄入量与较高的 GWG 发生率（四分位数 4 与 1：调整后的比值比 0.68 [95% CI 0.44, 1.05]，妊娠第二个月的 P 趋势 = 0.10）或 GDM 风险（四分位数 4 与 1：调整后的风险比为 0.99 [95% CI 0.46, 2.11]，P 趋势 = 0.85）。尽管 UPF 摄入量与血压轨迹的微小差异呈正相关，但与 GHTN 的相关性为零。结论 在我们的低风险孕妇队列中，并未观察到预期的较高 UPF 摄入量与过量 GWG、GDM 和 GHTN 之间的不利关联。这些结果基于有限的样本量，需要重复。