Blasting experiments were performed that investigate multiple explosions that occur in quick succession in unconsolidated ground and their effects on host material and atmosphere. Such processes are known to occur during phreatomagmatic eruptions at various depths, lateral locations, and energies. The experiments follow a multi-instrument approach in order to observe phenomena in the atmosphere and in the ground, and measure the respective energy partitioning. The experiments show significant coupling of atmospheric (acoustic)- and ground (seismic) signal over a large range of (scaled) distances (30–330 m, 1–10 m J^−1/3). The distribution of ejected material strongly depends on the sequence of how the explosions occur. The overall crater sizes are in the expected range of a maximum size for many explosions and a minimum for one explosion at a given lateral location. As previous research showed before, peak atmospheric over-pressure decays exponentially with scaled depth. An exponential decay rate of was measured. At a scaled explosion depth of 4 × 10⁻³ m J^−1/3 ca. 1% of the blast energy is responsible for the formation of the atmospheric pressure pulse; at a more shallow scaled depth of 2.75 × 10⁻³ m J^−1/3 this ratio lies at ca. 5.5%–7.5%. A first order consideration of seismic energy estimates the sum of radiated airborne and seismic energy to be up to 20% of blast energy. Finally, the transient cavity formation during a blast leads to an effectively reduced explosion depth that was determined. Depth reductions of up to 65% were measured.

中文翻译：

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实验性多爆炸陨石坑和喷射物——地震声学、喷射特性、陨石坑和喷射物沉积物以及对火山爆发的影响

进行了爆破实验，研究在松散地层中快速连续发生的多次爆炸及其对主体材料和大气的影响。已知此类过程发生在不同深度、横向位置和能量的潜液岩浆喷发期间。实验遵循多仪器方法，以观察大气和地面中的现象，并测量各自的能量分配。实验表明大气（声学）和地面（地震）信号在大范围（按比例）距离（30-330 m、1-10 m J ^-1/3）。喷射材料的分布很大程度上取决于爆炸发生的顺序。弹坑的总体尺寸在预期范围内，即在给定的横向位置，许多爆炸的最大尺寸和一次爆炸的最小尺寸。正如之前的研究表明，峰值大气超压随着深度的增加呈指数衰减。测量了指数衰减率。在 4 × 10 ^-3  m J ^-1/3 ca的缩放爆炸深度。1% 的爆炸能量负责大气压脉冲的形成；在 2.75 × 10 ^-3  m J ^{-1/3的更浅尺度深度}这个比例大约是。5.5%–7.5%。地震能量的一阶考虑估计辐射的空气传播能量和地震能量之和高达爆炸能量的 20%。最后，爆炸期间的瞬态空腔形成导致确定的爆炸深度有效降低。测得的深度减少高达 65%。