Graphene and its derivatives have captured enormous attention in the design and fabrication of graphene-based adsorbents to handle various water pollutants due to their huge specific surface area, unique two-dimensional structure, intriguing surface properties, tailorable microstructure, ease of being functionalized/modified, and good processibility for integration with other organic and inorganic species. However, many challenges remain for this topic that are undergoing intense study. For example, the specific role of the graphene component in the adsorption process is not evidenced in many existing reports, although there have been some speculations. Moreover, the high cost and environmental safety issues of graphene materials derived from graphite by the popular modified Hummers' method are not well addressed. These challenges bring about an ambiguous development trend in using graphene and its derivatives to construct next-generation adsorbents. Herein, we present a timely, up-to-date overview and perspectives to summarize the recent development of adsorbents constructed with graphene and its derivatives. We first discuss different kinds of graphene-based adsorbents (e.g., intrinsic, doped, modified/functionalized, composited, and a combination thereof). We then categorize the adsorbates, compliant to graphene-based adsorbents, into contaminants with various charge states, different water solubilities and complexity, emerging contaminants, and others. Further, multifunctional applications, trace contaminant treatment, and adsorption mechanism analysis are sequentially presented for graphene-based adsorbents. Finally, after summarizing the development of graphene-based adsorbents using graphene oxide as a typical starting material, we provide the current challenges and future perspectives for the rational design and fabrication of active, durable, and economical adsorbents constructed with graphene and its derivatives.

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用于废水处理的石墨烯及其衍生物吸附剂的构建：综述

石墨烯及其衍生物因其巨大的比表面积、独特的二维结构、引人入胜的表面特性、可定制的微观结构、易于功能化/改性而在设计和制造用于处理各种水污染物的石墨烯基吸附剂中引起了极大关注，以及与其他有机和无机物种整合的良好加工性。然而，这个主题仍然存在许多挑战，正在接受深入研究。例如，石墨烯组分在吸附过程中的具体作用在许多现有报告中都没有得到证实，尽管有一些推测。此外，通过流行的改良悍马方法从石墨衍生的石墨烯材料的高成本和环境安全问题也没有得到很好的解决。这些挑战带来了使用石墨烯及其衍生物构建下一代吸附剂的模糊发展趋势。在此，我们提供及时、最新的概述和观点，总结石墨烯及其衍生物构建的吸附剂的最新发展。我们首先讨论不同种类的石墨烯基吸附剂（例如，本征、掺杂、改性/功能化、复合及其组合）。然后，我们将符合石墨烯基吸附剂的吸附物分类为具有各种电荷状态、不同水溶性和复杂性、新兴污染物等的污染物。此外，还依次介绍了石墨烯基吸附剂的多功能应用、痕量污染物处理和吸附机理分析。最后，在总结了使用氧化石墨烯作为典型起始材料的石墨烯基吸附剂的发展之后，我们为合理设计和制造石墨烯及其衍生物构建的活性、耐用和经济的吸附剂提供了当前的挑战和未来的展望。