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Gut-derived low-grade endotoxaemia, atherothrombosis and cardiovascular disease
Nature Reviews Cardiology ( IF 41.7 ) Pub Date : 2022-07-15 , DOI: 10.1038/s41569-022-00737-2
Francesco Violi 1, 2 , Vittoria Cammisotto 1 , Simona Bartimoccia 3 , Pasquale Pignatelli 1, 2 , Roberto Carnevale 2, 3 , Cristina Nocella 1
Affiliation  

Systemic inflammation has been suggested to have a pivotal role in atherothrombosis, but the factors that trigger systemic inflammation have not been fully elucidated. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a component of the membrane of Gram-negative bacteria present in the gut that can translocate into the systemic circulation, causing non-septic, low-grade endotoxaemia. Gut dysbiosis is a major determinant of low-grade endotoxaemia via dysfunction of the intestinal barrier scaffold, which is a prerequisite for LPS translocation into the systemic circulation. Experimental studies have demonstrated that LPS is present in atherosclerotic arteries but not in normal arteries. In atherosclerotic plaques, LPS promotes a pro-inflammatory status that can lead to plaque instability and thrombus formation. Low-grade endotoxaemia affects several cell types, including leukocytes, platelets and endothelial cells, leading to inflammation and clot formation. Low-grade endotoxaemia has been described in patients at risk of or with overt cardiovascular disease, in whom low-grade endotoxaemia was associated with atherosclerotic burden and its clinical sequelae. In this Review, we describe the mechanisms favouring the development of low-grade endotoxaemia, focusing on gut dysbiosis and changes in gut permeability; the plausible biological mechanisms linking low-grade endotoxaemia and atherothrombosis; the clinical studies suggesting that low-grade endotoxaemia is a risk factor for cardiovascular events; and the potential therapeutic tools to improve gut permeability and eventually eliminate low-grade endotoxaemia.



中文翻译:

肠源性低度内毒素血症、动脉粥样硬化血栓形成和心血管疾病

全身性炎症被认为在动脉粥样硬化血栓形成中起着关键作用,但引发全身性炎症的因素尚未完全阐明。脂多糖 (LPS) 是存在于肠道中的革兰氏阴性菌膜的一种成分,可以转移到体循环中,导致非败血症、低度内毒素血症。肠道生态失调是通过肠屏障支架功能障碍导致低度内毒素血症的主要决定因素,这是 LPS 易位进入体循环的先决条件。实验研究表明,LPS 存在于动脉粥样硬化动脉中,但不存在于正常动脉中。在动脉粥样硬化斑块中,LPS 会促进促炎状态,从而导致斑块不稳定和血栓形成。低度内毒素血症影响多种细胞类型,包括白细胞、血小板和内皮细胞,导致炎症和凝块形成。在有心血管疾病风险或患有明显心血管疾病的患者中已经描述了低度内毒素血症,在这些患者中,低度内毒素血症与动脉粥样硬化负担及其临床后遗症有关。在这篇综述中,我们描述了有利于低度内毒素血症发展的机制,重点关注肠道生态失调和肠道通透性的变化;将低度内毒素血症和动脉粥样硬化血栓形成联系起来的可能的生物学机制;临床研究表明低度内毒素血症是心血管事件的危险因素;以及改善肠道通透性并最终消除低度内毒素血症的潜在治疗工具。在有心血管疾病风险或患有明显心血管疾病的患者中已经描述了低度内毒素血症,在这些患者中,低度内毒素血症与动脉粥样硬化负担及其临床后遗症有关。在这篇综述中,我们描述了有利于低度内毒素血症发展的机制,重点关注肠道生态失调和肠道通透性的变化;将低度内毒素血症和动脉粥样硬化血栓形成联系起来的可能的生物学机制;临床研究表明低度内毒素血症是心血管事件的危险因素;以及改善肠道通透性并最终消除低度内毒素血症的潜在治疗工具。在有心血管疾病风险或患有明显心血管疾病的患者中已经描述了低度内毒素血症,在这些患者中,低度内毒素血症与动脉粥样硬化负担及其临床后遗症有关。在这篇综述中,我们描述了有利于低度内毒素血症发展的机制,重点关注肠道生态失调和肠道通透性的变化;将低度内毒素血症和动脉粥样硬化血栓形成联系起来的可能的生物学机制;临床研究表明低度内毒素血症是心血管事件的危险因素;以及改善肠道通透性并最终消除低度内毒素血症的潜在治疗工具。其中低度内毒素血症与动脉粥样硬化负担及其临床后遗症有关。在这篇综述中,我们描述了有利于低度内毒素血症发展的机制,重点关注肠道生态失调和肠道通透性的变化;将低度内毒素血症和动脉粥样硬化血栓形成联系起来的可能的生物学机制;临床研究表明低度内毒素血症是心血管事件的危险因素;以及改善肠道通透性并最终消除低度内毒素血症的潜在治疗工具。其中低度内毒素血症与动脉粥样硬化负担及其临床后遗症有关。在这篇综述中,我们描述了有利于低度内毒素血症发展的机制,重点关注肠道生态失调和肠道通透性的变化;将低度内毒素血症和动脉粥样硬化血栓形成联系起来的可能的生物学机制;临床研究表明低度内毒素血症是心血管事件的危险因素;以及改善肠道通透性并最终消除低度内毒素血症的潜在治疗工具。临床研究表明低度内毒素血症是心血管事件的危险因素;以及改善肠道通透性并最终消除低度内毒素血症的潜在治疗工具。临床研究表明低度内毒素血症是心血管事件的危险因素;以及改善肠道通透性并最终消除低度内毒素血症的潜在治疗工具。

更新日期:2022-07-15
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