Abstract

Background:

It remains unclear whether parental occupational exposure to hydrocarbon solvents (HCS) or engine exhaust fumes (EEF) is associated with higher risks of cancer in the offspring.

Objectives:

Our aim was to estimate relative risks of childhood cancers associated with maternal or paternal exposure to aliphatic/alicyclic, aromatic, or chlorinated HCS or gasoline/diesel EEF.

Methods:

We conducted a case–control study in which individuals $<20\mathrm{y}$ old, born 1960–2014, were identified from the Swedish National Cancer Register (1960–2015) at first cancer diagnosis and matched to population controls (1 case:25 controls) on birth year and sex. Maternal and paternal occupation around the child’s birth was retrieved for 9,653 cases and 172,194 controls and 12,521 cases and 274,434 controls, respectively, using information from six censuses and a nationwide register. Using the Swedish job-exposure matrix (SWEJEM), we assessed exposure to HCS and EEF (any or higher/lower). Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of 15 childhood cancer subtypes were estimated using conditional logistic regression models adjusted for several confounders.

Results:

Maternal exposure to aromatic HCS was associated with non-Hodgkin lymphoma ($\text{OR}=1.64$; 95% CI: 1.05, 2.58), aliphatic/alicyclic HCS with germ cell tumors ($\text{OR}=1.52$; 95% CI: 0.89, 2.59), and gasoline/diesel EEF with astrocytoma ($\text{OR}=1.40$; 95% CI: 1.04, 1.88), myeloid leukemia ($\text{OR}=1.53$; 95% CI: 0.84, 2.81), lymphomas ($\text{OR}=1.60$; 95% CI: 0.85, 3.02 for Hodgkin; $\text{OR}=1.44$; 95% CI: 0.71, 2.91 for non-Hodgkin), and epithelial tumors ($\text{OR}=1.51$; 95% CI: 0.93, 2.44). Paternal exposure to gasoline EEF was associated with Hodgkin lymphoma ($\text{OR}=1.21$; 95% CI: 1.01, 1.44) and soft tissue sarcomas ($\text{OR}=1.22$; 95% CI: 1.00, 1.48). No notable difference was observed between higher and lower exposure.

Discussion:

Our findings suggest that occupational exposure to HCS or EEF, especially in the mother, may increase the risk of some childhood cancers. They add to the growing literature on adverse effects from HCS and EEF in the child, but replication of these associations in other populations is warranted. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP11035

中文翻译：

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职业暴露于碳氢化合物溶剂和发动机废气的父母子女患癌症的风险：瑞典基于登记的嵌套病例对照研究（1960-2015）

摘要

背景：

目前尚不清楚父母职业暴露于碳氢化合物溶剂 (HCS) 或发动机尾气 (EEF) 是否与后代患癌症的风险增加有关。

目标：

我们的目的是评估与母亲或父亲接触脂肪族/脂环族、芳香族或氯化 HCS 或汽油/柴油 EEF 相关的儿童癌症的相对风险。

方法：

我们进行了一项病例对照研究，其中个体$<20\mathrm{是的}$老人，出生于 1960-2014 年，在第一次癌症诊断时从瑞典国家癌症登记处（1960-2015 年）确定，并与出生年份和性别的人口对照（1 例：25 对照）相匹配。使用来自六个人口普查和全国登记册的信息，分别检索了 9,653 例和 172,194 对照以及 12,521 例和 274,434 对照的母亲和父亲职业。使用瑞典工作暴露矩阵 (SWEJEM)，我们评估了对 HCS 和 EEF（任何或更高/更低）的暴露。使用针对几个混杂因素调整的条件逻辑回归模型估计了 15 种儿童癌症亚型的优势比 (OR) 和 95% 置信区间 (CI)。

结果：

母体暴露于芳香族 HCS 与非霍奇金淋巴瘤相关（$\text{或者}=1.64$; 95% CI: 1.05, 2.58)，脂肪族/脂环族 HCS 与生殖细胞肿瘤 ($\text{或者}=1.52$; 95% CI: 0.89, 2.59) 和汽油/柴油 EEF 伴星形细胞瘤 ($\text{或者}=1.40$; 95% CI: 1.04, 1.88), 髓性白血病 ($\text{或者}=1.53$; 95% CI: 0.84, 2.81), 淋巴瘤 ($\text{或者}=1.60$; 95% CI：0.85，霍奇金为 3.02；$\text{或者}=1.44$; 95% CI：0.71, 2.91 对于非霍奇金）和上皮肿瘤（$\text{或者}=1.51$; 95% CI：0.93, 2.44)。父亲接触汽油 EEF 与霍奇金淋巴瘤有关（$\text{或者}=1.21$; 95% CI: 1.01, 1.44) 和软组织肉瘤 ($\text{或者}=1.22$; 95% CI：1.00, 1.48)。在较高和较低暴露之间没有观察到显着差异。

讨论：

我们的研究结果表明，职业暴露于 HCS 或 EEF，尤其是在母亲中，可能会增加某些儿童癌症的风险。他们增加了越来越多的关于 HCS 和 EEF 对儿童的不利影响的文献，但有必要在其他人群中复制这些关联。https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP11035