The present study seeks to determine the convergence of the ecological footprint pressure index for the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN-5) countries over the period of 1961–2017. For this purpose, traditional unit root tests in conjunction with residual augmented least squares (RALS) type unit root tests have been applied to examine the convergence of all countries under investigation. RALS type tests were chosen due to showing a significantly improved power over conventional tests that do not use information on non-normal errors. The traditional unit root results do not show support for the ecological footprint pressure index convergence of the highlighted ASEAN-5 blocs. However, the RALS type and nonlinear unit root tests results reveal that the ecological footprint pressure index became convergent. Thus, governments and policymakers need to adopt stricter policies to protect the environment. These results have a more far-reaching effect on energy and environmental security for the study region.

本研究旨在确定 1961-2017 年期间东南亚国家联盟 (ASEAN-5) 国家生态足迹压力指数的收敛性。为此，传统的单位根检验与残差增广最小二乘 (RALS) 类型的单位根检验相结合，已被应用于检查所有接受调查的国家的收敛性。选择 RALS 类型测试是因为与不使用非正常错误信息的传统测试相比，它显示出显着提高的能力。传统的单位根结果不支持突出显示的东盟五国集团的生态足迹压力指数收敛。然而，RALS类型和非线性单位根检验结果表明生态足迹压力指数趋于收敛。因此，政府和决策者需要采取更严格的政策来保护环境。这些成果对研究区的能源和环境安全产生了更为深远的影响。