Local and global stressors have led to rapid declines in coral reef health around the world. A range of active restoration techniques have recently been introduced in attempts to stem and reverse this decline, but their efficacy is debated. In particular, restoration faces the challenge of scale; successful projects must be deployed quickly over large areas, without being prohibitively expensive.

Indonesia has more coral reefs – and more coral reef restoration programmes – than any other country on Earth. The past two decades have seen a rapid expansion in the scale of Indonesia’s restoration efforts. Having started in the 1980s, there are now hundreds of individual programmes across the country, several of which have outplanted tens of thousands of corals. Here, we identify ten different social, economic and environmental approaches that have contributed to this scaling up of reef restoration in Indonesia. We discuss the theoretical basis for each approach and provide case studies of their implementation from sixteen different Indonesian programmes.

In combination, these diverse approaches have created opportunities to increase the operational efficiency, spatial scale, speed of deployment and social inclusivity of reef restoration in many different contexts. Their examples represent valuable learning experiences, highlighting a range of mechanisms through which management and policy interventions might aim to increase the scale of coral reef restoration. By combining ecological, social and economic strategies in a multi-dimensional approach to scale-up, reef restoration can deliver more beneficial and equitable outcomes locally, regionally and globally.

当地和全球的压力因素导致全球珊瑚礁健康状况迅速下降。最近引入了一系列主动修复技术，试图阻止和扭转这种下降，但它们的有效性存在争议。尤其是修复面临规模挑战；成功的项目必须在大范围内迅速部署，而且费用不高。

印度尼西亚拥有比地球上任何其他国家更多的珊瑚礁和更多的珊瑚礁恢复计划。在过去的二十年里，印度尼西亚的恢复工作规模迅速扩大。从 1980 年代开始，现在全国有数百个单独的项目，其中一些已经种植了数万只珊瑚。在这里，我们确定了十种不同的社会、经济和环境方法，这些方法有助于扩大印度尼西亚的珊瑚礁恢复规模。我们讨论了每种方法的理论基础，并提供了来自 16 个不同印度尼西亚项目的实施案例研究。

结合起来，这些不同的方法创造了在许多不同背景下提高珊瑚礁恢复的运营效率、空间规模、部署速度和社会包容性的机会。他们的例子代表了宝贵的学习经验，强调了管理和政策干预可能旨在增加珊瑚礁恢复规模的一系列机制。通过以多维方式将生态、社会和经济战略相结合以扩大规模，珊瑚礁恢复可以在本地、区域和全球范围内带来更有益和公平的结果。