Holocaust and Gulag studies are witnessing the belated emergence of the Soviet experience of Jewish escapees from Nazi-occupied Poland as a lieu de mémoire in its own right. Although not commemorated in official ritual, museum spaces, or memorial sites, the sheer mass of published testimonies by survivors of this experience far outweighs the previous lack of attention to the refugees’ story. It was the agency of the refugee survivors themselves which subsequently put their Soviet experience on the mnemonic map of World War II. This article discusses both the reasons for that lack of attention and the current growing interest in their accounts. It proposes a typology based on questions of victimhood and perpetratorship, analyzed through the contrast between the way the Jewish exiles in the USSR interpreted their experiences and how those who experienced the Holocaust directly interpreted theirs. The article thus asks, whose victims did the refugees consider themselves, the Germans’ or the Soviets’?

中文翻译：

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谁的受害者和谁的幸存者？大屠杀和古拉格记忆文化之间的波兰犹太难民

大屠杀和古拉格研究见证了苏联犹太人从纳粹占领的波兰逃亡的经验迟来的出现，这本身就是一种回忆录。虽然没有在官方仪式、博物馆空间或纪念场所进行纪念，但这次经历的幸存者发表的大量证词远远超过了之前对难民故事的缺乏关注。正是难民幸存者自己的代理，随后将他们在苏联的经历写进了二战的记忆地图。本文讨论了缺乏关注的原因以及当前对其帐户日益增长的兴趣。它提出了一种基于受害和犯罪问题的类型学，通过对比苏联的犹太流亡者解释他们的经历与那些经历过大屠杀的人如何直接解释他们的经历之间的对比来分析。文章因此问，难民认为自己是德国人还是苏联人的受害者？