Abstract

Poultry manure (PM) has become a serious environmental problem due to large scale of industrial production and unsustainable management, causing emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs), odors, leakage of nutrients as well as inorganic, organic and biological pollutants. The main goal of this review was to get a better understanding of carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorous cycles in processing of poultry manure with the most common technologies such as composting, anaerobic digestion, or thermal processes, e.g. pyrolysis. The carbon contained in organic matter (ca. 31%) is mineralized and humified under aerobic conditions (matter recovery) and/or converted into biogas under anaerobic conditions (energy recovery). PM as a feedstock for pyrolysis to obtain biochar may effectively store and prevent C, thus contributing to climate change abatement. During composting, nitrogen is reduced from the compost mixture by leachates in the form of NH₄⁺, NO₃⁻ or gaseous emissions of NH₃, N₂O, N₂. The C/N ratio is also decisive parameter. Most environmental threats of unmanaged PM result from ammonia and nitrous oxide emissions, being higher for PM compared to cattle and cow manure independently of technological processes. The phosphorous in PM is mainly inorganic (32-84%). Using untreated manure as a fertilizer does not allow taking up high doses of phosphorus contained in poultry manure, so the excess accumulates in the soil and then leaches into groundwater. Biochar and struvite are an alternative to storage and source of high concentrations of phosphorous. Cycles of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus are an integral effect of technologies used for PM management.

摘要

由于大规模的工业生产和不可持续的管理，家禽粪便 (PM) 已成为严重的环境问题，导致温室气体 (GHG) 排放、气味、营养物质泄漏以及无机、有机和生物污染物。本综述的主要目标是更好地了解使用最常见的技术（例如堆肥、厌氧消化或热解等热过程）处理家禽粪便时的碳、氮和磷循环。有机物中所含的碳（约 31%）在有氧条件下（物质回收）矿化和腐殖化，和/或在厌氧条件下转化为沼气（能量回收）。PM作为热解获得生物炭的原料可以有效地储存和防止C，从而有助于减缓气候变化。₄ ⁺ , NO ₃ ⁻或 NH ₃ , N ₂ O, N _{2的气态排放}. C/N 比也是决定性参数。不受管理的 PM 的大多数环境威胁来自氨和一氧化二氮的排放，与牛和牛粪相比，PM 的排放量更高，与技术流程无关。PM 中的磷主要是无机物 (32-84%)。使用未经处理的粪便作为肥料无法吸收家禽粪便中所含的高剂量磷，因此多余的磷会积聚在土壤中，然后渗入地下水。生物炭和鸟粪石是高浓度磷的储存和来源的替代品。碳、氮和磷的循环是用于 PM 管理的技术的整体效果。