During parafoveal processing, skilled readers encode letter identity independently of letter position (Johnson et al., 2007). In the current experiment, we examined orthographic parafoveal processing in readers with dyslexia. Specifically, the eye movements of skilled readers and adult readers with dyslexia were recorded during a boundary paradigm experiment (Rayner, 1975). Parafoveal previews were either identical to the target word (e.g., nearly), a transposed-letter preview (e.g., enarly), or a substituted-letter preview (e.g., acarly). Dyslexic and non-dyslexic readers demonstrated orthographic parafoveal preview benefits during silent sentence reading and both reading groups encoded letter identity and letter position information parafoveally. However, dyslexic adults showed, that very early in lexical processing, during parafoveal preview, the positional information of a word's initial letters were encoded less flexibly compared to during skilled adult reading. We suggest that dyslexic readers are less able to benefit from correct letter identity information (i.e., in the letter transposition previews) due to the lack of direct mapping of orthography to phonology. The current findings demonstrate that dyslexic readers show consistent and dyslexic-specific reading difficulties in foveal and parafoveal processing during silent sentence reading.

中文翻译：

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阅读障碍阅读中的中央凹旁处理和转置字母效应

在中心凹处理过程中，熟练的阅读者独立于字母位置对字母身份进行编码（Johnson et al., 2007）。在当前的实验中，我们检查了阅读障碍读者的正字形旁中央凹处理。具体来说，在边界范式实验（Rayner，1975）中记录了熟练阅读者和患有阅读障碍的成年阅读者的眼球运动。中央凹旁预览与目标词相同（例如， Nearly ）、转置字母预览（例如，enarly）或替代字母预览（例如，acarly）。阅读障碍和非阅读障碍阅读者在默读句子时表现出正字旁中央凹预览的好处，并且两个阅读组都对字母标识和字母位置信息进行了旁中央编码。然而，阅读障碍的成年人表明，在词汇处理的早期，在中央凹旁预览期间，与熟练的成人阅读相比，单词首字母的位置信息的编码灵活性较低。我们建议，由于缺乏正字法与音系的直接映射，阅读障碍读者不太可能从正确的字母身份信息（即在字母换位预览中）中受益。目前的研究结果表明，阅读障碍的读者在默读句子的过程中，在中央凹和中央凹旁处理中表现出一致的和阅读障碍特异性的阅读困难。