Acyl-CoA:diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT, EC 2.3.1.20) catalyzes the last reaction in the acyl-CoA-dependent biosynthesis of triacylglycerol (TAG). DGAT activity resides mainly in DGAT1 and DGAT2 in eukaryotes and bifunctional wax ester synthase-diacylglycerol acyltransferase (WSD) in bacteria, which are all membrane-bound proteins but exhibit no sequence homology to each other. Recent studies also identified other DGAT enzymes such as the soluble DGAT3 and diacylglycerol acetyltransferase (EaDAcT), as well as enzymes with DGAT activities including defective in cuticular ridges (DCR) and steryl and phytyl ester synthases (PESs). This review comprehensively discusses research advances on DGATs in prokaryotes and eukaryotes with a focus on their biochemical properties, physiological roles, and biotechnological and therapeutic applications. The review begins with a discussion of DGAT assay methods, followed by a systematic discussion of TAG biosynthesis and the properties and physiological role of DGATs. Thereafter, the review discusses the three-dimensional structure and insights into mechanism of action of human DGAT1, and the modeled DGAT1 from Brassica napus. The review then examines metabolic engineering strategies involving manipulation of DGAT, followed by a discussion of its therapeutic applications. DGAT in relation to improvement of traits of farmed animals is also discussed along with DGATs in various other eukaryotic organisms.

酰基辅酶 A：二酰基甘油酰基转移酶 (DGAT，EC 2.3.1.20) 催化酰基辅酶 A 依赖性三酰基甘油 (TAG) 生物合成中的最后一个反应。DGAT活性主要存在于真核生物中的DGAT1和DGAT2和细菌中的双功能蜡酯合酶-二酰基甘油酰基转移酶（WSD），它们都是膜结合蛋白，但彼此没有序列同源性。最近的研究还发现了其他 DGAT 酶，例如可溶性 DGAT3 和二酰基甘油乙酰转移酶 (EaDAcT)，以及具有 DGAT 活性的酶，包括表皮脊缺陷 (DCR) 和甾醇和植酯合酶 (PES)。本综述全面讨论了原核生物和真核生物中 DGAT 的研究进展，重点关注它们的生化特性、生理作用以及生物技术和治疗应用。该综述首先讨论 DGAT 测定方法，然后系统地讨论 TAG 生物合成以及 DGAT 的特性和生理作用。此后，综述讨论了三维结构和对人类 DGAT1 作用机制的见解，以及来自模型的 DGAT1油菜。然后，审查检查涉及 DGAT 操作的代谢工程策略，然后讨论其治疗应用。DGAT 与改善养殖动物性状的关系也与其他各种真核生物中的 DGAT 一起进行了讨论。