In this study, we investigated how seasonal and diurnal surface urban heat islands (SUHIs) vary with two- and three-dimensional (2D and 3D) urban structure parameters (USPs) and climate settings. Additionally, whether and how 2D and 3D USPs influenced the seasonal hysteresis between SUHIs and background temperatures were explored using remote sensing for 203 cities over the conterminous US. Results show that urban areas with high impervious surface coverage (70%) were “colder” in summer than surrounding rural areas in dry climates. Moreover, the cooling efficiency of vegetation in dry climates was about two times higher than that in wet climates. A hump-shaped relation between sky view factor (SVF) and SUHIs was observed; in regions with low SVF (e.g., SVF < 0.4), the increasing trends of summer diurnal SUHIs with increasing SVF in dry climates attained higher values than those in wet climates. Seasonal hysteresis between background temperatures and SUHIs was largely controlled by 2D and 3D USPs. Urban USPs and climate settings can regulate the timing of peaks and nadirs of annual SUHIs, suggesting that their regulation would benefit SUHI mitigation. Future studies are required to test USP–LST relationships further by using the local climate zone approach under different climatic conditions.

在这项研究中，我们调查了季节性和昼夜地表城市热岛 (SUHI) 如何随二维和三维（2D 和 3D）城市结构参数 (USP) 和气候设置而变化。此外，对美国本土 203 个城市使用遥感技术探索了 2D 和 3D USP 是否以及如何影响 SUHI 和背景温度之间的季节性滞后。结果表明，具有高不透水表面覆盖率（70%）的城市地区在夏季比周围干燥气候的农村地区“更冷”。此外，干旱气候下植被的冷却效率大约是潮湿气候下的两倍。观察到天空视角因子 (SVF) 和 SUHI 之间的驼峰关系；在 SVF 较低的地区（例如，SVF < 0.4），干燥气候下夏季昼夜 SUHI 随 SVF 的增加而增加的趋势比潮湿气候下的值更高。背景温度和 SUHI 之间的季节性滞后主要受 2D 和 3D USP 控制。城市 USP 和气候环境可以调节年度 SUHI 的峰值和最低点的时间，这表明它们的监管将有利于 SUHI 缓解。未来的研究需要通过在不同气候条件下使用当地气候带方法来进一步测试 USP-LST 关系。