Two-dimensional (2D) materials such as the graphene-based materials, transition metal dichalcogenides, transition metal carbides and nitrides (MXenes), black phosphorus, hexagonal boron nitride, and others have attracted considerable attention due to their unique physicochemical properties. This is true not least in the field of medicine. Understanding the interactions between 2D materials and the immune system is therefore of paramount importance. Furthermore, emerging evidence suggests that 2D materials may interact with microorganisms – pathogens as well as commensal bacteria that dwell in and on our body. We discuss the interplay between 2D materials, the immune system, and the microbial world in order to bring a systems perspective to bear on the biological interactions of 2D materials. The use of 2D materials as vectors for drug delivery and as immune adjuvants in tumor vaccines, and 2D materials to counteract inflammation and promote tissue regeneration, are explored. The bio-corona formation on and biodegradation of 2D materials, and the reciprocal interactions between 2D materials and microorganisms, are also highlighted. Finally, we consider the future challenges pertaining to the biomedical applications of various classes of 2D materials.

二维 (2D) 材料，如石墨烯基材料、过渡金属二硫化物、过渡金属碳化物和氮化物 (MXenes)、黑磷、六方氮化硼等，因其独特的物理化学性质而备受关注。尤其是在医学领域也是如此。因此，了解二维材料与免疫系统之间的相互作用至关重要。此外，新出现的证据表明，二维材料可能与微生物相互作用——病原体以及栖息在我们体内和体表的共生细菌。我们讨论了二维材料、免疫系统和微生物世界之间的相互作用，以便从系统的角度来研究二维材料的生物相互作用。探索了二维材料作为药物递送载体和肿瘤疫苗免疫佐剂的用途，以及二维材料在对抗炎症和促进组织再生方面的应用。还强调了二维材料上的生物电晕形成和生物降解，以及二维材料与微生物之间的相互作用。最后，我们考虑了与各类二维材料的生物医学应用有关的未来挑战。