The Ergogenic Effects of Acute Carbohydrate Feeding on Resistance Exercise Performance: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis,Sports Medicine

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The Ergogenic Effects of Acute Carbohydrate Feeding on Resistance Exercise Performance: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Sports Medicine ( IF 9.3 ) Pub Date : 2022-07-09 , DOI: 10.1007/s40279-022-01716-w
Andrew King ₁ , Eric Helms ₁ , Caryn Zinn ₁ , Ivan Jukic _{1,

2}

Affiliation

Background

Carbohydrate (CHO) ingestion has an ergogenic effect on endurance training performance. Less is known about the effect of acute CHO ingestion on resistance training (RT) performance and equivocal results are reported in the literature.

Objective

The current systematic review and meta-analysis sought to determine if and to what degree CHO ingestion influences RT performance.

Methods

PubMed, MEDLINE, SportDiscus, Scopus, and CINAHL databases were searched for peer-reviewed articles written in English that used a cross-over design to assess the acute effect of CHO ingestion on RT performance outcomes (e.g., muscle strength, power, and endurance) in healthy human participants compared to a placebo or water-only conditions. The Cochrane Collaboration’s risk of bias tool and GRADE approaches were used to assess risk of bias and certainty of evidence, respectively. Random effects meta-analyses were performed for total training session volume and post-exercise blood lactate and glucose. Sub-group meta-analysis and meta-regression were performed for categorical (session and fast durations) and continuous (total number of maximal effort sets, load used, and CHO dose) covariates, respectively.

Results

Twenty-one studies met the inclusion criteria (n = 226 participants). Pooled results revealed a significant benefit of CHO ingestion in comparison to a placebo or control for total session training volume (standardised mean difference [SMD] = 0.61). Sub-group analysis revealed a significant benefit of CHO ingestion during sessions longer than 45 min (SMD = 1.02) and after a fast duration of 8 h or longer (SMD = 0.39). Pooled results revealed elevated post-exercise blood lactate (SMD = 0.58) and blood glucose (SMD = 2.36) with CHO ingestion. Meta-regression indicated that the number of maximal effort sets, but not CHO dose or load used, moderates the effect of CHO ingestion on RT performance (beta co-efficient [b] = 0.11). Carbohydrate dose does not moderate post-exercise lactate accumulation nor do maximal effort sets completed, load used, and CHO dose moderate the effect of CHO ingestion on post-exercise blood glucose.

Conclusions

Carbohydrate ingestion has an ergogenic effect on RT performance by enhancing volume performance, which is more likely to occur when sessions exceed 45 min and where the fast duration is ≥ 8 h. Further, the effect is moderated by the number of maximal effort sets completed, but not the load used or CHO dose. Post-exercise blood lactate is elevated following CHO ingestion but may come at the expense of an extended time-course of recovery due to the additional training volume performed. Post-exercise blood glucose is elevated when CHO is ingested during RT, but it is presently unclear if it has an impact on RT performance.

Protocol Registration

The original protocol was prospectively registered on the Open Science Framework (Project identifier: https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/HJFBW).

中文翻译：

急性碳水化合物喂养对抵抗运动表现的增效作用：系统回顾和荟萃分析

背景

碳水化合物 (CHO) 的摄入对耐力训练表现具有增强作用。关于急性 CHO 摄入对阻力训练 (RT) 表现的影响知之甚少，文献中报道的结果也模棱两可。

客观的

当前的系统评价和荟萃分析试图确定 CHO 摄入是否影响 RT 性能以及影响程度如何。

方法

在 PubMed、MEDLINE、SportDiscus、Scopus 和 CINAHL 数据库中搜索了用英文撰写的同行评审文章，这些文章使用交叉设计来评估 CHO 摄入对 RT 表现结果（例如，肌肉力量、力量和耐力）的急性影响）与安慰剂或仅水条件下的健康人类参与者相比。 Cochrane 协作组织的偏倚风险工具和 GRADE 方法分别用于评估偏倚风险和证据的确定性。对总训练量以及运动后血乳酸和血糖进行随机效应荟萃分析。分别对分类（训练时间和禁食持续时间）和连续（最大努力组数、使用的负荷和 CHO 剂量）协变量进行亚组荟萃分析和荟萃回归。

结果

21 项研究符合纳入标准（ n = 226 名参与者）。汇总结果显示，与安慰剂或对照相比，摄入 CHO 对总训练量具有显着益处（标准化平均差 [SMD] = 0.61）。亚组分析显示，在超过 45 分钟的训练期间（SMD = 1.02）以及在 8 小时或更长的禁食时间后（SMD = 0.39），摄入 CHO 具有显着益处。汇总结果显示，摄入 CHO 后运动后血乳酸 (SMD = 0.58) 和血糖 (SMD = 2.36) 升高。荟萃回归表明，最大努力组数，而不是所使用的 CHO 剂量或负荷，调节了 CHO 摄入对 RT 表现的影响（β 系数 [ b ] = 0.11）。碳水化合物剂量不会调节运动后乳酸的积累，完成的最大努力组数、使用的负荷和 CHO 剂量也不会调节 CHO 摄入对运动后血糖的影响。

结论

碳水化合物的摄入通过提高容量表现对 RT 表现产生增力作用，当训练时间超过 45 分钟且禁食持续时间≥ 8 小时时，这种情况更有可能发生。此外，效果会受到完成的最大努力组数的影响，但不会受到所用负荷或 CHO 剂量的影响。摄入 CHO 后，运动后血乳酸会升高，但由于进行额外的训练量，可能会导致恢复时间延长。当在 RT 期间摄入 CHO 时，运动后血糖会升高，但目前尚不清楚它是否对 RT 表现有影响。