STUDY QUESTION Are maternal anthropometrics associated with anogenital distance (AGD) and 2:4 digit ratio (2:4D) in newborns? SUMMARY ANSWER Select maternal anthropometrics indicative of obesity or increased adiposity are associated with elongated AGD in daughters. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY Excessive maternal weight or adiposity before or in early pregnancy may impact child reproductive, and other hormonally mediated, development. AGD and 2:4D are proposed markers of in utero reproductive development. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION This study includes 450 mother/newborn dyads participating in the Illinois Kids Development Study (I-KIDS), a prospective pregnancy cohort from Champaign-Urbana, IL, USA. Participants included in the current study enrolled between 2013 and 2018. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS Most mothers in this study were college-educated (82%) and non-Hispanic White (80%), and 55% were under- or normal weight before pregnancy. Pregnant women aged 18–40 years reported pre-pregnancy weight and height to calculate pre-pregnancy BMI. At 8–15 weeks gestation, we measured waist and hip circumference, and evaluated weight, % body fat, visceral fat level, % muscle and BMI using bioelectrical impedance analysis. Within 24 h of birth, we measured newborn 2nd and 4th left/right digits to calculate the 2:4D. In daughters, we measured AGDAF (anus to fourchette) and AGDAC (anus to clitoris). In sons, we measured AGDAS (anus to scrotum) and AGDAP (anus to base of the penis). MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE Select maternal anthropometrics were positively associated with AGD in newborn daughters, but not sons. For example, AGDAC was 0.73 mm (95% CI: 0.15, 1.32) longer for every interquartile range (IQR) increase in pre-pregnancy BMI and 0.88 mm (95% CI: 0.18, 1.58) longer for every IQR increase in hip circumference, whereas AGDAF was 0.51 mm (95% CI: 0.03, 1.00) and 0.56 mm (95% CI: 0.03, 1.09) longer for every IQR increase in hip and waist circumference, respectively. Quartile analyses generally supported linear associations, but additional strong associations emerged in Q4 (versus Q1) of maternal % body fat and visceral fat levels with AGDAC. In quartile analyses, we observed only a few modest associations of maternal anthropometrics with 2:4D, which differed by hand (left versus right) and newborn sex. Although there is always the possibility of spurious findings, the associations for both measures of female AGD were consistent across multiple maternal anthropometric measures, which strengthens our conclusions. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION Our study sample was racially and ethnically homogenous, educated and relatively healthy, so our study may not be generalizable to other populations. Additionally, we may not have been powered to identify some sex-specific associations, especially for 2:4D. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS Increased maternal weight and adiposity before and in early pregnancy may lengthen the female AGD, which warrants further investigation. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S) This publication was made possible by the National Institute for Environmental Health Sciences (NIH/NIEHS) grants ES024795 and ES022848, the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development grant R03HD100775, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency grant RD83543401 and National Institute of Health Office of the Director grant OD023272. Its contents are solely the responsibility of the grantee and do not necessarily represent the official views of the US EPA or NIH. Furthermore, the US EPA does not endorse the purchase of any commercial products or services mentioned in the publication. This project was also supported by the USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture and Michigan AgBioResearch. The authors declare no competing interests. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER N/A.

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产妇人体测量与新生儿肛门生殖器距离和 2:4 指长比的关系

研究问题 母亲人体测量与新生儿肛门生殖器距离 (AGD) 和 2:4 指长比 (2:4D) 相关吗？摘要答案 选择表明肥胖或肥胖增加与女儿 AGD 延长相关的母亲人体测量数据。已知的情况 怀孕前或怀孕早期母亲体重过重或肥胖可能会影响儿童的生殖和其他激素介导的发育。AGD 和 2:4D 是子宫内生殖发育的拟议标记。研究设计、规模、持续时间 本研究包括参与伊利诺伊州儿童发展研究 (I-KIDS) 的 450 名母亲/新生儿，这是一个来自美国伊利诺伊州厄巴纳市香槟市的前瞻性妊娠队列。本研究的参与者包括 2013 年至 2018 年期间注册的参与者。 参与者/材料、背景、方法 这项研究中的大多数母亲是受过大学教育的 (82%) 和非西班牙裔白人 (80%)，55% 的母亲状况不佳或正常怀孕前的体重。18-40岁的孕妇报告孕前体重和身高以计算孕前BMI。在妊娠 8-15 周时，我们测量了腰围和臀围，并使用生物电阻抗分析评估了体重、体脂百分比、内脏脂肪水平、肌肉百分比和 BMI。在出生后 24 小时内，我们测量新生儿左/右第 2 和第 4 位数，以计算 2:4D。在女儿中，我们测量了 AGDAF（肛门到阴蒂）和 AGDAC（肛门到阴蒂）。在儿子中，我们测量了 AGDAS（肛门到阴囊）和 AGDAP（肛门到阴茎根部）。主要结果和机会的作用 选择母亲的人体测量数据与新生女儿的 AGD 呈正相关，但与儿子的 AGD 无关。例如，孕前 BMI 每增加四分位距 (IQR)，AGDAC 就会增加 0.73 毫米 (95% CI: 0.15, 1.32)，臀围每增加 IQR，AGDAC 就会增加 0.88 毫米 (95% CI: 0.18, 1.58)。 ，而臀围和腰围每增加 IQR，AGDAF 分别增加 0.51 毫米（95% CI：0.03，1.00）和 0.56 毫米（95% CI：0.03，1.09）。四分位数分析通常支持线性关联，但在第四季度（相对于第一季度），母亲身体脂肪百分比和内脏脂肪水平与 AGDAC 之间出现了额外的强关联。在四分位数分析中，我们仅观察到母亲人体测量与 2:4D 之间存在一些适度的关联，其中手（左与右）和新生儿性别有所不同。尽管总是存在虚假结果的可能性，但女性 AGD 的两种测量值在多项母亲人体测量测量值中的关联是一致的，这强化了我们的结论。局限性和注意理由我们的研究样本在种族和族裔上是同质的、受过教育且相对健康的，因此我们的研究可能无法推广到其他人群。此外，我们可能没有能力识别一些特定于性别的关联，尤其是 2:4D。研究结果的更广泛意义 孕前和孕早期母亲体重和肥胖的增加可能会延长女性 AGD，这值得进一步调查。研究经费/竞争利益 本出版物由国家环境健康科学研究所 (NIH/NIEHS) 拨款 ES024795 和 ES022848、国家儿童健康和人类发展研究所拨款 R03HD100775、美国环境保护署拨款 RD83543401 资助和国立卫生研究院主任办公室授予 OD023272。其内容完全由受资助者负责，并不一定代表美国环保局或美国国立卫生研究院的官方观点。此外，美国环保局不认可购买出版物中提到的任何商业产品或服务。该项目还得到了美国农业部国家食品和农业研究所和密歇根农业生物研究所的支持。作者声明没有竞争利益。试用注册号 不适用。