Embeddedness within transnational networks influences how countries govern LGBT+ communities. Research commonly highlights how pro-LGBT+ networks enable the expansion of rights; however, increased transnational coordination between anti-LGBT+ actors means network embeddedness also leads to policy backlash. Therefore, an important question to ask is: why are countries differentially embedded within these opposing networks to begin with? Moreover, does embeddedness in one network influence embeddedness in the other over time? To answer these questions, I develop original datasets of transnational pro- and anti-LGBT+ networks from 1990 to 2018. Using cross-lagged and dynamic panel models, results reveal that there is indeed an interdependent relationship where opposing networks mutually engage, or “follow,” one another; however, these patterns vary across region. These results give insights into how countries exist in tension between these opposing networks and can help illuminate where expansion and backlash may transpire. While focused on LGBT+ networks, these findings give insights into tensions over (il)liberalism and gender justice occurring within the international community.

中文翻译：

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反对回避还是相互参与？反对跨国 LGBT+ 网络之间的相互依存动态

跨国网络中的嵌入会影响各国管理 LGBT+ 社区的方式。研究通常强调支持 LGBT+ 的网络如何促进权利的扩展；然而，反 LGBT+ 参与者之间增加的跨国协调意味着网络嵌入也导致政策反弹。因此，要问的一个重要问题是：为什么国家一开始就以不同的方式嵌入这些对立的网络中？此外，随着时间的推移，一个网络的嵌入是否会影响另一个网络的嵌入？为了回答这些问题，我开发了从 1990 年到 2018 年的跨国支持和反对 LGBT+ 网络的原始数据集。使用交叉滞后和动态面板模型，结果表明确实存在相互依赖的关系，其中对立的网络相互参与，或“跟随，“ 另一个; 然而，这些模式因地区而异。这些结果让我们深入了解国家如何在这些对立的网络之间存在紧张关系，并有助于阐明扩张和反弹可能发生的地方。虽然专注于 LGBT+ 网络，但这些调查结果提供了对国际社会内发生的（il）自由主义和性别公正的紧张局势的见解。