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The intestinal microbial metabolite nicotinamide n-oxide prevents herpes simplex encephalitis via activating mitophagy in microglia
Gut Microbes ( IF 12.2 ) Pub Date : 2022-07-06 , DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2022.2096989
Feng Li 1, 2 , Yiliang Wang 1 , Xiaowei Song 1 , Zhaoyang Wang 1 , Jiaoyan Jia 1 , Shurong Qing 1 , Lianzhou Huang 1 , Yuan Wang 1 , Shuai Wang 3 , Zhe Ren 1 , Kai Zheng 4 , Yifei Wang 1
Affiliation  

ABSTRACT

Herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE), a complication of herpes simplex virus type I (HSV-1) infection causes neurological disorder or even death in immunocompromised adults and newborns. However, the intrinsic factors controlling the HSE outcome remain unclear. Here, we show that HSE mice exhibit gut microbiota dysbiosis and altered metabolite configuration and tryptophan-nicotinamide metabolism. HSV-1 neurotropic infection activated microglia, with changed immune properties and cell numbers, to stimulate antiviral immune response and contribute substantially to HSE. In addition, depletion of gut microbiota by oral antibiotics (ABX)-treatment triggered the hyper-activation of microglia, which in turn enhanced inflammatory immune response, and cytokine production, resulting in aggregated viral burden and HSE pathology. Furthermore, exogenous administration of nicotinamide n-oxide (NAMO), an oxidative product of nicotinamide derived from gut microbiota, to ABX-treated or untreated HSE mice significantly diminished microglia-mediated proinflammatory response and limited HSV-1 infection in CNS. Mechanistic study revealed that HSV-1 activates microglia by increasing mitochondrial damage via defective mitophagy, whereas microbial metabolite NAMO restores NAD+-dependent mitophagy to inhibit microglia activation and HSE progression. NAMO also prevented neuronal cell death triggered by HSV-1 infection or microglia-mediated microenvironmental toxicity. Finally, we show that NAMO is mainly generated by neomycin-sensitive bacteria, especially Lactobacillus_gasseri and Lactobacillus_reuteri. Together, these data demonstrate that gut microbial metabolites act as intrinsic restrictive factors against HSE progression via regulating mitophagy in microglia, implying further exploration of bacterial or nutritional approaches for treating neurotropic virus-related neurodegenerative diseases.



中文翻译:

肠道微生物代谢产物烟酰胺 n-氧化物通过激活小胶质细胞的线粒体自噬来预防单纯疱疹性脑炎

摘要

单纯疱疹脑炎 (HSE) 是单纯疱疹病毒 I 型 (HSV-1) 感染的一种并发症,会导致免疫功能低下的成人和新生儿出现神经系统疾病甚至死亡。然而,控制 HSE 结果的内在因素仍不清楚。在这里,我们显示 HSE 小鼠表现出肠道菌群失调和代谢物配置和色氨酸-烟酰胺代谢改变。HSV-1 嗜神经感染激活小胶质细胞,具有改变的免疫特性和细胞数量,以刺激抗病毒免疫反应并对 HSE 做出重大贡献。此外,口服抗生素 (ABX) 治疗对肠道微生物群的消耗引发了小胶质细胞的过度活化,进而增强了炎症免疫反应和细胞因子的产生,导致病毒负荷和 HSE 病理聚集。此外,向 ABX 处理或未处理的 HSE 小鼠外源性施用烟酰胺 n-氧化物 (NAMO)(一种源自肠道微生物群的烟酰胺的氧化产物)显着减少了小胶质细胞介导的促炎反应并限制了 CNS 中的 HSV-1 感染。机制研究表明,HSV-1 通过有缺陷的线粒体自噬增加线粒体损伤来激活小胶质细胞,而微生物代谢物 NAMO 恢复 NAD+ 依赖性线粒体自噬以抑制小胶质细胞活化和 HSE 进展。NAMO 还阻止了由 HSV-1 感染或小胶质细胞介导的微环境毒性引发的神经元细胞死亡。最后,我们表明 NAMO 主要由对新霉素敏感的细菌产生,尤其是 对 ABX 治疗或未治疗的 HSE 小鼠显着降低了小胶质细胞介导的促炎反应并限制了 CNS 中的 HSV-1 感染。机制研究表明,HSV-1 通过有缺陷的线粒体自噬增加线粒体损伤来激活小胶质细胞,而微生物代谢物 NAMO 恢复 NAD+ 依赖性线粒体自噬以抑制小胶质细胞活化和 HSE 进展。NAMO 还阻止了由 HSV-1 感染或小胶质细胞介导的微环境毒性引发的神经元细胞死亡。最后,我们表明 NAMO 主要由对新霉素敏感的细菌产生,尤其是 对 ABX 治疗或未治疗的 HSE 小鼠显着降低了小胶质细胞介导的促炎反应并限制了 CNS 中的 HSV-1 感染。机制研究表明,HSV-1 通过有缺陷的线粒体自噬增加线粒体损伤来激活小胶质细胞,而微生物代谢物 NAMO 恢复 NAD+ 依赖性线粒体自噬以抑制小胶质细胞活化和 HSE 进展。NAMO 还阻止了由 HSV-1 感染或小胶质细胞介导的微环境毒性引发的神经元细胞死亡。最后,我们表明 NAMO 主要由对新霉素敏感的细菌产生,尤其是 而微生物代谢物 NAMO 恢复 NAD+ 依赖性线粒体自噬以抑制小胶质细胞活化和 HSE 进展。NAMO 还阻止了由 HSV-1 感染或小胶质细胞介导的微环境毒性引发的神经元细胞死亡。最后,我们表明 NAMO 主要由对新霉素敏感的细菌产生,尤其是 而微生物代谢物 NAMO 恢复 NAD+ 依赖性线粒体自噬以抑制小胶质细胞活化和 HSE 进展。NAMO 还阻止了由 HSV-1 感染或小胶质细胞介导的微环境毒性引发的神经元细胞死亡。最后,我们表明 NAMO 主要由对新霉素敏感的细菌产生,尤其是Lactobacillus_gasseriLactobacillus_reuteri。总之,这些数据表明,肠道微生物代谢物通过调节小胶质细胞中的线粒体自噬作为 HSE 进展的内在限制因素,这意味着进一步探索治疗嗜神经病毒相关神经退行性疾病的细菌或营养方法。

更新日期:2022-07-07
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