Shrimp aquaculture has expanded rapidly in coastal zones worldwide over the past few decades. Saline water stored in shrimp farm ponds can infiltrate into the underlying aquifer causing groundwater salinization and increased submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) to coastal water. However, little research has assessed salinization resulting from these shrimp ponds. To understand the impacts of shrimp farm irrigation on groundwater salinization and SGD, we numerically simulated a series of aquaculture management scenarios in a two-dimensional conceptual coastal aquifer using a coupled surface-subsurface approach. We characterized sensitivities to pond water salinity, pond water depth, and farm width. Salinization was assessed by three indicators (salinized area, infiltrated salt mass, and recovery rate), and three SGD indicators were evaluated (fresh SGD, saline SGD, and saltwater circulation rate). Our results show that pond water depth is the primary control on the mass of saltwater infiltration while farm width is the primary control for recovery rate. Pond water salinity and depth affect both fresh and saline SGD. We show that aquaculture is a previously unrecognized mechanism of salinization affecting coastal aquifer vulnerability and SGD. A regional graphical information system analysis shows transformation into aquacultural ponds could introduce considerable SGD variability spatially and temporally. These findings will enable coastal managers to better evaluate groundwater vulnerability in regions with expanding onshore aquaculture and demonstrates the impact of aquaculture on coastal groundwater resources and the need for further study to understand the impact of aquaculture across Asia and the globe.

中文翻译：

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沿海虾塘对海水入侵和海底地下水排放的影响

在过去的几十年里，虾类水产养殖在全球沿海地区迅速扩大。储存在养虾场池塘中的盐水会渗入下层含水层，导致地下水盐碱化，并增加向沿海水域排放的海底地下水 (SGD)。然而，很少有研究评估这些虾塘造成的盐渍化。为了了解养虾场灌溉对地下水盐渍化和 SGD 的影响，我们使用耦合地表-地下方法对二维概念沿海含水层中的一系列水产养殖管理情景进行了数值模拟。我们描述了对池塘水盐度、池塘水深和农场宽度的敏感性。盐渍化通过三个指标（盐渍化面积、入渗盐量和回收率）进行评估，并评估了三个 SGD 指标（新鲜 SGD、盐水 SGD 和盐水循环率）。我们的研究结果表明，池塘水深是咸水入渗量的主要控制因素，而养殖场宽度是恢复率的主要控制因素。池塘水盐度和深度影响淡水和咸水 SGD。我们表明，水产养殖是一种以前未被认识的盐化机制，会影响沿海含水层的脆弱性和 SGD。区域图形信息系统分析表明，转变为水产养殖池塘可能会在空间和时间上引入相当大的 SGD 可变性。