The degradation of ecosystems threatens the provision of ecosystem services and limits human well-being. This systematic literature review evaluates the threats surrounding cultural ecosystem services (CES), namely recreation and landscape aesthetics in European permanent grasslands. We identified underlying causes, direct threats, consequences and suggested solutions for threat mitigation. The most common threats were land-use and management change processes, followed by social attitude, industrial developments and natural threats. However, recreational activities also created negative feedback, affecting the ecosystem, biodiversity and CES, most frequently in the form of various touristic activities. Suggested solutions were most commonly socio-economic and institutional measures to enhance rural communities, as well as improving communication with relevant stakeholders. CES play a crucial role in reconnecting people with nature, and their consequent acknowledgement and incorporation into future ecosystem service frameworks and agri-environmental policy developments are key elements in supporting future sustainable grassland management.

生态系统的退化威胁到生态系统服务的提供并限制了人类福祉。这篇系统的文献综述评估了围绕文化生态系统服务 (CES) 的威胁，即欧洲永久草原的休闲和景观美学。我们确定了潜在的原因、直接威胁、后果，并提出了缓解威胁的解决方案。最常见的威胁是土地使用和管理变化过程，其次是社会态度、工业发展和自然威胁。然而，娱乐活动也产生了负面反馈，影响了生态系统、生物多样性和 CES，最常见的是各种旅游活动的形式。建议的解决方案最常见的是加强农村社区的社会经济和体制措施，以及改善与相关利益攸关方的沟通。CES 在将人与自然重新联系起来方面发挥着至关重要的作用，因此它们对未来生态系统服务框架和农业环境政策发展的认可和纳入是支持未来可持续草原管理的关键要素。