The gut microbiota came into focus within the last years regarding being associated with or even underlying neuropsychiatric diseases. The existence of the gut-brain-axis makes it highly plausible that bacterial metabolites or toxins that escape the intestinal environment or approach the vagal connections towards the brain, exert devastating effects on the central nervous system. In Alzheimer’s disease (AD), growing evidence for dysbiotic changes in the gut microbiota is obtained, even though the question for cause or consequence remains open. Nevertheless, using modulation of microbiota to address inflammatory processes seems an attractive therapeutic approach as certain microbial products such as short chain fatty acids have been proven to exert beneficial cognitive effects. In this review, we summarize, contemporary knowledge on neuroinflammation and inflammatory processes within the brain and even more detailed in the gut in AD, try to conclude whom to target regarding human microbial commensals and report on current interventional trials.

肠道微生物群在过去几年中成为人们关注的焦点，因为它与神经精神疾病有关，甚至是潜在的神经精神疾病。肠-脑轴的存在使得逃离肠道环境或接近大脑迷走神经连接的细菌代谢物或毒素对中枢神经系统产生破坏性影响的可能性非常大。在阿尔茨海默病 (AD) 中，越来越多的证据表明肠道微生物群发生了生态失调的变化，尽管原因或后果的问题仍然悬而未决。然而，使用微生物群的调节来解决炎症过程似乎是一种有吸引力的治疗方法，因为某些微生物产品（例如短链脂肪酸）已被证明可以发挥有益的认知作用。在这篇评论中，我们总结道，