When quinoa, Chenopodium quinoa Willd., is cultivated in South America outside of its Andean origin, the heteropterans Liorhyssus hyalinus (Fabricius) and Nysius simulans Stål may emerge as important pests. Here we studied the development and reproduction of both species at different constant temperatures in the laboratory. Egg and nymphal development were investigated at 18, 22, 26, 30, 34, and 36°C. For both species, egg incubation time significantly decreased as the temperature increased. Nymphs did not successfully develop at 18°C and the total nymphal time significantly decreased as the temperature increased from 22 to 36°C. Based on a linear day-degree (DD) model, the lower developmental threshold (LDT) temperatures for eggs and nymphs were estimated to be 16.0 and 17.9°C for L. hyalinus, and 16.1 and 19.7°C for N. simulans, respectively. Thermal requirements for egg and nymphal development were 68.6 and 114.8 DD for L. hyalinus, and 77.7 and 190.3 DD for N. simulans, respectively. Reproduction and adult longevity were studied at 22, 26, 30, and 34°C. For both species preoviposition time decreased as temperature increased, and the oviposition period was longest at 26°C. The highest fecundity and egg viability were observed at 30°C, whereas longevities were higher at 22–26°C than at 30–34°C. As the lowest tested temperatures were not suitable to both heteropterans and 30°C was found to be the optimal temperature for development and reproduction, peak densities are expected in warm areas and seasons.

中文翻译：

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Liorhyssus hyalinus（半翅目：Rhopalidae）和 Nysius simulans（半翅目：Lygaeidae）的热生物学，以玉米谷物的乳状阶段为食

当藜麦 (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) 在安第斯山脉以外的南美洲种植时，异翅目 Liorhyssus hyalinus (Fabricius) 和 Nysius simulans Stål 可能会成为重要的害虫。在这里，我们在实验室研究了这两种物种在不同恒温条件下的发育和繁殖。在 18、22、26、30、34 和 36°C 研究卵和若虫的发育。对于这两个物种，蛋孵化时间随着温度的升高而显着减少。若虫在 18°C 时没有成功发育，并且随着温度从 22°C 增加到 36°C，总若虫时间显着减少。基于线性日度 (DD) 模型，估计 L. hyalinus 的卵和若虫的较低发育阈值 (LDT) 温度分别为 16.0 和 17.9°C，而 N. simulans 分别为 16.1 和 19.7°C . L. hyalinus 卵和若虫发育的热需求分别为 68.6 和 114.8 DD，模拟 N. simulans 分别为 77.7 和 190.3 DD。在 22、26、30 和 34°C 下研究了生殖和成虫寿命。两种物种的产卵前时间都随着温度的升高而减少，产卵期在 26°C 时最长。在 30°C 时观察到最高的繁殖力和卵活力，而在 22-26°C 时的寿命比在 30-34°C 时更高。由于最低测试温度不适用于异翅目，并且发现 30°C 是发育和繁殖的最佳温度，因此预计在温暖地区和季节会出现峰值密度。在 22、26、30 和 34°C 下研究了生殖和成虫寿命。两种物种的产卵前时间都随着温度的升高而减少，产卵期在 26°C 时最长。在 30°C 时观察到最高的繁殖力和卵活力，而在 22-26°C 时的寿命比在 30-34°C 时更高。由于最低测试温度不适用于异翅目，并且发现 30°C 是发育和繁殖的最佳温度，因此预计在温暖地区和季节会出现峰值密度。在 22、26、30 和 34°C 下研究了生殖和成虫寿命。两种物种的产卵前时间都随着温度的升高而减少，产卵期在 26°C 时最长。在 30°C 时观察到最高的繁殖力和卵活力，而在 22-26°C 时的寿命比在 30-34°C 时更高。由于最低测试温度不适用于异翅目，并且发现 30°C 是发育和繁殖的最佳温度，因此预计在温暖地区和季节会出现峰值密度。