Theoretical models of the development of childhood externalizing disorders emphasize the role of parents. Empirical studies have not been able to identify specific aspects of parental behaviors explaining a considerable proportion of the observed individual differences in externalizing problems. The problem is complicated by the contribution of genetic factors to externalizing problems, as parents provide both genes and environments to their children. We studied the joint contributions of direct genetic effects of children and the indirect genetic effects of parents through the environment on externalizing problems.

中文翻译：

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关于育儿在外化障碍中的重要性：对家庭间接遗传效应的评估

儿童外化障碍发展的理论模型强调父母的作用。实证研究未能确定父母行为的具体方面，解释了在外化问题中观察到的相当大比例的个体差异。遗传因素对外化问题的贡献使问题变得复杂，因为父母为他们的孩子提供了基因和环境。我们研究了儿童的直接遗传效应和父母通过环境对外化问题的间接遗传效应的共同贡献。