Land plant life cycles are separated into distinct haploid gametophyte and diploid sporophyte stages. Indeterminate apical growth evolved independently in bryophyte (moss, liverwort, and hornwort) and fern gametophytes, and tracheophyte (vascular plant) sporophytes. The extent to which apical growth in tracheophytes co-opted conserved gametophytic gene networks, or exploited ancestral sporophytic networks, is a long-standing question in plant evolution. The recent phylogenetic confirmation of bryophytes and tracheophytes as sister groups has led to a reassessment of the nature of the ancestral land plant. Here, we review developmental genetic studies of apical regulators and speculate on their likely evolutionary history.

中文翻译：

---

祖先陆地植物的顶端生长是如何调节的？非种子植物发展的见解。


陆地植物生命周期分为不同的单倍体配子体和二倍体孢子体阶段。不确定的顶端生长在苔藓植物（苔藓、地钱和金鱼草）和蕨类配子体以及气管植物（维管植物）孢子体中独立进化。气管植物的顶端生长在多大程度上选择了保守的配子体基因网络或利用祖先孢子体网络，是植物进化中长期存在的问题。最近，苔藓植物和气管植物作为姐妹类群的系统发育确认导致了对祖先陆地植物性质的重新评估。在这里，我们回顾了顶端调节器的发育遗传学研究，并推测了它们可能的进化历史。