In India, multi-drug resistance in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium poses a significant health threat. Indeed, S. Typhimurium has remained unknown for a large portion of its genome associated with various physiological functions including mechanism of drug resistance and virulence. The whole-genome sequence of a Salmonella strain obtained from feces of a patient with gastroenteritis in Odisha, India, was analyzed for understanding the disease association and underlying virulence mechanisms. The de novo assembly yielded 17 contigs and showed 99.9% similarity to S. enterica sub sp enterica strain LT2 and S. enteric subsp salamae strain DSM 9220. S. Typhimurium ms202 strain constitutes six known Salmonella pathogenicity islands and nine different phages. The comparative interpretation of pathogenic islands displayed the genes contained in SPI-1 and SPI-2 to be highly conserved. We identified sit ABCD cluster regulatory cascade in SPI-1. Multiple antimicrobial resistance genes were identified that directly implies antibiotic-resistant phenotype. Notably, seven unique genes were identified as "acquired antibiotic resistance". These data suggest that virulence in S. enterica Typhimurium ms202 is associated with SPI-1 and SPI-2. Further, we found several virulent genes encoding SPI regions belonging to type III secretion systems (T3SS) of bacteria were significantly upregulated in ms202 compared to control LT2. Moreover, all these genes were significantly downregulated in S. enterica Typhimurium ms202 as compared to control LT2 on adding Mn2+ exogenously. Our study raises a vital concern about the potential diffusion of a novel multi-drug resistant S. enterica Typhimurium ms202. It justifies this clinical pathogen to demonstrate a higher degree survival due to higher expression of virulent genes and enhanced ability of metallic ion acquisition.

中文翻译：

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多药耐药肠沙门氏菌血清型鼠伤寒ms202的基因组分析和毒力基因表达谱

在印度，鼠伤寒沙门氏菌的多重耐药性对健康构成重大威胁。事实上，鼠伤寒沙门氏菌的大部分基因组与各种生理功能相关，包括耐药性和毒力机制，仍然是未知的。分析了从印度奥里萨邦胃肠炎患者粪便中获得的沙门氏菌菌株的全基因组序列，以了解疾病关联和潜在的毒力机制。从头组装产生 17 个重叠群，并显示出与 S. enterica subsp enterica 菌株 LT2 和 S. enteric subsp salamae DSM 9220 的 99.9% 相似性。S. Typhimurium ms202 菌株构成六个已知的沙门氏菌致病岛和九个不同的噬菌体。致病岛的比较解释表明SPI-1和SPI-2中包含的基因高度保守。我们确定了 SPI-1 中的坐式 ABCD 集群监管级联。鉴定出多种抗菌素耐药基因，直接暗示抗生素耐药表型。值得注意的是，七个独特的基因被确定为“获得性抗生素抗性”。这些数据表明鼠伤寒沙门氏菌 ms202 的毒力与 SPI-1 和 SPI-2 相关。此外，我们发现编码属于细菌 III 型分泌系统 (T3SS) 的 SPI 区域的几个毒力基因在 ms202 中与对照 LT2 相比显着上调。此外，与外源添加 Mn2+ 的对照 LT2 相比，所有这些基因在鼠伤寒沙门氏菌 ms202 中均显着下调。我们的研究引起了人们对新型多重耐药鼠伤寒沙门氏菌 ms202 潜在扩散的关注。由于毒性基因的更高表达和金属离子获取能力的增强，证明这种临床病原体具有更高的存活率是合理的。