INTRODUCTION Extracurricular activity participation is associated with positive academic, health, and behavioral outcomes for adolescents, but these findings may reflect unobserved confounding rather than participation effects. METHOD Data were drawn from 3885 adolescents aged 12-15 in a nationally representative cohort of Australian adolescents. Effects of participation in three kinds of extracurricular activity (team sport, individual sport, and arts) on an array of outcomes were modeled using fixed-effects regression to account for potential unobserved confounding. RESULTS Strong bivariate relationships between all forms of activity participation and positive adolescent outcomes were found. These associations were much smaller in the fixed-effects analysis, but beneficial effects of sports for mental health and arts for peer group characteristics remained statistically significant. Minimal effects of extracurricular activity participation for academic achievement were found. CONCLUSION Extracurricular activity participation has beneficial effects on adolescents' mental health and exposure to peers' delinquent behavior.

中文翻译：

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课外活动是否有助于改善青少年的结果？固定效应面板数据方法。

引言 课外活动参与与青少年积极的学业、健康和行为结果相关，但这些发现可能反映了未观察到的混杂因素，而不是参与效应。方法 数据来自具有全国代表性的澳大利亚青少年队列中的 3885 名 12-15 岁的青少年。使用固定效应回归对参与三种课外活动（团队运动、个人运动和艺术）对一系列结果的影响进行建模，以解释潜在的未观察到的混杂因素。结果发现所有形式的活动参与与积极的青少年结果之间存在很强的双变量关系。在固定效应分析中，这些关联要小得多，但运动对心理健康和艺术对同龄人群体特征的有益影响仍然具有统计学意义。发现课外活动参与对学业成就的影响很小。结论 课外活动参与对青少年的心理健康和接触同龄人的不良行为有有益的影响。