Drug Delivery and Translational Research ( IF 5.7 ) Pub Date : 2022-06-24 , DOI: 10.1007/s13346-022-01200-y Prashant Pingale 1 , Shilpa Dawre 2 , Vividha Dhapte-Pawar 3 , Namdev Dhas 4 , Amarjitsing Rajput 3, 5
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The advancement of four-dimensional (4D) printing has been fueled by the rise in demand for additive manufacturing and the expansion in shape-memory materials. The printing of smart substances that respond to external stimuli is known as 4D printing. 4D printing allows highly controlled shapes to simulate the physiological milieu by adding time dimensions. The 4D printing is suitable with current progress in smart compounds, printers, and its mechanism of action. The 4D printing paradigm, a revolutionary enhancement of 3D printing, was anticipated by various engineering disciplines. Tissue engineering, medicinal, consumer items, aerospace, and organ engineering use 4D printing technology. The current review mainly focuses on the basics of 4D printing and the methods used therein. It also discusses the time-dependent behavior of stimulus-sensitive compounds, which are widely used in 4D printing. In addition, this review highlights material aspects, specifically related to shape-memory polymers, stimuli-responsive materials (classified as physical, chemical, and biological), and modified materials, the backbone of 4D printing technology. Finally, potential applications of 4D printing in the biomedical sector are also discussed with challenges and future perspectives.
Graphical abstract
中文翻译：
4D 打印的进展：从刺激到模拟
增材制造需求的增加和形状记忆材料的扩展推动了四维 (4D) 打印的发展。响应外部刺激的智能物质的打印被称为 4D 打印。4D 打印允许高度控制的形状通过添加时间维度来模拟生理环境。4D 打印适合当前智能化合物、打印机及其作用机制的进展。4D 打印范例是 3D 打印的革命性增强，受到各种工程学科的期待。组织工程、医药、消费品、航空航天和器官工程都使用 4D 打印技术。目前的评论主要集中在 4D 打印的基础知识和其中使用的方法。它还讨论了广泛用于 4D 打印的刺激敏感化合物的时间依赖性行为。此外，这篇综述重点介绍了材料方面，特别是与形状记忆聚合物、刺激响应材料（分为物理、化学和生物）以及改性材料（4D 打印技术的支柱）有关。最后，还讨论了 4D 打印在生物医学领域的潜在应用以及挑战和未来前景。
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