ABSTRACT

Counter-state actors often supply services to foster civilian support. Yet little work explores the civilian ‘demand-side’ of this interaction. This paper examines how civilians navigated between overlapping state and counter-state services during a case of non-violent competitive statebuilding. Between 1989 and 1998, a Kosovar-Albanian ‘parallel state’ provided education, healthcare, and justice as part of a strategy to secede from Serbia. It finds that two factors are key: the level of group solidarity individuals are subject to, and the unique characteristics of the services they are receiving. Increased group solidarity constrains how individuals decide between providers, yet the extent to which this impacts choice depends on the characteristics of different services. Education is collectively delivered and tied to nation-building; decisions depend on social norms. Healthcare is individual and immediate; decisions are rooted in trust. Justice varies between discreet civil cases where people can ‘shop around’, and criminal cases, which can comprise highly visible, collective events with significant social pressure. Understanding how solidarity and service characteristics intersect is key to understanding the demand-side of competitive statebuilding.

摘要

反国家行为者经常提供服务以促进平民支持。然而，很少有工作探讨这种互动的民用“需求方”。本文研究了在非暴力竞争性国家建设的情况下，平民如何在重叠的国家服务和反国家服务之间导航。1989 年至 1998 年间，科索沃-阿尔巴尼亚“平行国家”提供教育、医疗保健和司法，作为脱离塞尔维亚战略的一部分。它发现两个因素是关键：个人受到的群体团结程度，以及他们接受的服务的独特性。增加的群体团结限制了个人如何在提供者之间做出决定，但这影响选择的程度取决于不同服务的特征。教育是集体提供的，并与国家建设联系在一起；决定取决于社会规范。医疗保健是个人和即时的；决策植根于信任。在人们可以“货比三家”的谨慎民事案件和刑事案件之间，正义各不相同，刑事案件可能包括具有重大社会压力的高度可见的集体事件。了解团结和服务的特点相交是了解竞争性国家建设的需求方面的关键。