Conceptual frameworks for landscape restoration commonly take an approach focused on ecological (biotic and abiotic) aspects. Yet the recent initiatives demanding that restoration be scaled up to restore millions of hectares of degraded land often encounter socio-cultural challenges too, such as competing land-use interests and low stakeholder engagement. Thus, consideration also needs to be given to cultural landscapes, broadly defined as regions that reflect the long-term interactions between people and the environment. Based on a literature survey we here identify and then discuss features from cultural landscapes-ecological restoration research, which can be relevant to ecological restoration upscaling. Overall, research encompassing cultural landscapes is revealed as less narrowly-focused than that on landscape ecology linked with ecological restoration: our selected studies quite frequently considered social and landscape aspects in addition to ecological aspects. Geographically, research is strongly biased towards Europe and North America, although the most ambitious restoration targets are in the tropics. Taking cultural landscapes into account could enhance restoration by (1) moving towards a transdisciplinary approach thereby offsetting the overemphasis on ecological aspects, and (2) mitigating issues of land use and stakeholder engagement. Further research, paying special attention to the tropics, should aim at integrative approaches that would contribute to scaling up restoration, not only in single large-scale projects but also through the sum of small but concerted actions.

景观恢复的概念框架通常采用关注生态（生物和非生物）方面的方法。然而，最近要求扩大恢复规模以恢复数百万公顷退化土地的举措也经常遇到社会文化挑战，例如竞争的土地使用利益和利益相关者参与度低。因此，还需要考虑文化景观，广义上定义为反映人与环境之间长期相互作用的区域。基于文献调查，我们在这里确定并讨论文化景观-生态恢复​​研究的特征，这些特征可能与生态恢复有关升级。总体而言，与生态恢复相关的景观生态学研究相比，包含文化景观的研究不那么狭隘：我们选择的研究除了生态方面外，还经常考虑社会和景观方面。在地理上，研究强烈偏向欧洲和北美，尽管最雄心勃勃的恢复目标是在热带地区。将文化景观考虑在内可以通过以下方式加强恢复：（1）转向跨学科方法，从而抵消对生态方面的过分强调，以及（2）减轻土地使用和利益相关者参与的问题。进一步的研究，特别关注热带地区，应着眼于有助于扩大恢复规模的综合方法，