A clean energy transition will create jobs, promote energy independence, improve public health, and, ultimately, mitigate climate change. But getting to this new future will require more than just phasing out fossil fuels. The production of a wide range of energy-relevant materials—lithium, cobalt, and nickel for batteries; rare earth elements for wind turbines and electric motors; silicon for solar panels; and copper to expand the electric grid—must be scaled up substantially. Mobilizing these materials without reproducing the environmental harms and social inequities of the fossil fuel status quo poses an urgent challenge.

中文翻译：

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清洁能源未来的问题

清洁能源转型将创造就业机会，促进能源独立，改善公共卫生，并最终缓解气候变化。但要实现这个新的未来，需要的不仅仅是逐步淘汰化石燃料。生产各种能源相关材料——用于电池的锂、钴和镍；用于风力涡轮机和电动机的稀土元素；太阳能电池板用硅；和铜来扩大电网——必须大幅扩大规模。在不重现化石燃料现状的环境危害和社会不平等的情况下调动这些材料是一项紧迫的挑战。