Biochar has great potential for the remediation of heavy metal pollution, but the adsorption instability and high cost of long-term soil remediation limit its industrial application. In this study, three common agricultural wastes were used to prepare biochar at temperatures ranging from 300° to 600°C and the correlative mechanisms among the preparation process, physicochemical characteristics, cost, adsorption properties, and stability of biochar were systematically studied. The results illustrated that with increasing pyrolysis temperature, the biochar yield decreased, whereas the stability and adsorption capacity increased. Economic analyses showed that biochar prepared from rice husks at 500 °C had the highest economic value (292.73 mg/$ for Pb²⁺, 84.29 mg/$ for Cu²⁺). In addition, biochar prepared using rice husk had the highest adsorption stability due to the dominance of complexation and ion exchange. The comprehensive analysis conducted in this study provides an evaluation of the biochar preparation process and its industrial applications.

生物炭在重金属污染修复方面具有巨大潜力，但长期土壤修复吸附不稳定性和高成本限制了其工业应用。本研究采用三种常见的农业废弃物在 300°C 至 600°C 温度范围内制备生物炭，系统研究了生物炭的制备工艺、理化特性、成本、吸附性能和稳定性之间的相关机制。结果表明，随着热解温度的升高，生物炭的产率降低，而稳定性和吸附能力增加。经济分析表明，500℃稻壳制备的生物炭具有最高的经济价值（Pb ^{2+为 292.73 mg/$，Cu 2+}为 84.29 mg/$）。此外，由于络合和离子交换的优势，使用稻壳制备的生物炭具有最高的吸附稳定性。本研究中进行的综合分析提供了对生物炭制备过程及其工业应用的评估。