Mandibular defects caused by injuries, tumors, and infections are common and can severely affect mandibular function and the patient’s appearance. However, mandible reconstruction with a mandibular bionic structure remains challenging. Inspired by the process of intramembranous ossification in mandibular development, a hierarchical vascularized engineered bone consisting of angiogenesis and osteogenesis modules has been produced. Moreover, the hierarchical vascular network and bone structure generated by these hierarchical vascularized engineered bone modules match the particular anatomical structure of the mandible. The ultra-tough polyion complex has been used as the basic scaffold for hierarchical vascularized engineered bone for ensuring better reconstruction of mandible function. According to the results of in vivo experiments, the bone regenerated using hierarchical vascularized engineered bone is similar to the natural mandibular bone in terms of morphology and genomics. The sonic hedgehog signaling pathway is specifically activated in hierarchical vascularized engineered bone, indicating that the new bone in hierarchical vascularized engineered bone underwent a process of intramembranous ossification identical to that of mandible development. Thus, hierarchical vascularized engineered bone has a high potential for clinical application in mandibular defect reconstruction. Moreover, the concept based on developmental processes and bionic structures provides an effective strategy for tissue regeneration.

由损伤、肿瘤和感染引起的下颌骨缺损很常见，会严重影响下颌骨功能和患者的外观。然而，具有下颌仿生结构的下颌骨重建仍然具有挑战性。受下颌骨发育过程中膜内骨化过程的启发，已经产生了由血管生成和成骨模块组成的分层血管化工程骨。此外，这些分层血管化工程骨模块生成的分层血管网络和骨结构与下颌骨的特定解剖结构相匹配。超韧聚离子复合物已被用作分层血管化工程骨的基本支架，以确保更好地重建下颌骨功能。根据体内实验结果，使用分层血管化工程骨再生的骨在形态和基因组学方面与天然下颌骨相似。声波hedgehog信号通路在分层血管化工程骨中特异性激活，表明分层血管化工程骨中的新骨经历了与下颌骨发育相同的膜内骨化过程。因此，分层血管化工程骨在下颌骨缺损重建中具有很高的临床应用潜力。此外，基于发育过程和仿生结构的概念为组织再生提供了有效的策略。声波hedgehog信号通路在分层血管化工程骨中特异性激活，表明分层血管化工程骨中的新骨经历了与下颌骨发育相同的膜内骨化过程。因此，分层血管化工程骨在下颌骨缺损重建中具有很高的临床应用潜力。此外，基于发育过程和仿生结构的概念为组织再生提供了有效的策略。声波hedgehog信号通路在分层血管化工程骨中特异性激活，表明分层血管化工程骨中的新骨经历了与下颌骨发育相同的膜内骨化过程。因此，分层血管化工程骨在下颌骨缺损重建中具有很高的临床应用潜力。此外，基于发育过程和仿生结构的概念为组织再生提供了有效的策略。分层血管化工程骨在下颌骨缺损重建中具有很高的临床应用潜力。此外，基于发育过程和仿生结构的概念为组织再生提供了有效的策略。分层血管化工程骨在下颌骨缺损重建中具有很高的临床应用潜力。此外，基于发育过程和仿生结构的概念为组织再生提供了有效的策略。