Catalytic transformations are critical in a variety of thermal and electrochemical processes, including fuel and chemical generation, energy conversion, and decarbonization. Historically, various static assessment factors have been used to examine a wide range of catalytic materials. Surface, interfacial, and nanoscale phenomena have been seen in various catalytic disciplines, which are crucial to major applications. These phenomena sparked extensive discussions on how catalysts operate for reactions and adapt to working environments. With this recognition, the goal of this review is to go beyond the traditional static analysis of working catalysts and provide a perspective on the dynamic insights into structural and redox transformations at catalytic surfaces and electrified interfaces. The correlation between the transformation of working catalysts and their catalytic performance is examined, shedding light on understanding and controlling catalyst redox and structure evolution under operating conditions with properties tailored to thermochemical and electrocatalytic processes.

中文翻译：

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工作催化剂的反应介导转化

催化转化在各种热和电化学过程中至关重要，包括燃料和化学品的产生、能量转换和脱碳。从历史上看，各种静态评估因素已被用于检查各种催化材料。在各种催化学科中已经看到了表面、界面和纳米级现象，这对主要应用至关重要。这些现象引发了关于催化剂如何进行反应和适应工作环境的广泛讨论。有了这一认识，本综述的目标是超越对工作催化剂的传统静态分析，并提供对催化表面和带电界面的结构和氧化还原转变的动态见解。