ABSTRACT

The Philippines suffers from three threats to its national security. Firstly, unlike advanced states, it faces both external and internal assaults on its political and territorial sovereignty. Secondly, self-sustaining economic security remains elusive, with the country failing to emulate the economic successes of its ASEAN neighbours, Singapore and Malaysia. Thirdly, the archipelago must constantly contend with the destabilising effects of natural disasters, including volcanic eruptions, typhoons, and earthquakes. Manila's policy responses to these three disparate, but interlinked threats, have been conditioned by four centuries of Spanish, American, and Japanese occupation. The Philippine government remains a work in progress as diverse efforts to build institutional capacity have produced uneven results. Nevertheless, recent innovative policy approaches are instructive. These are framed around what might be termed a D3 (Defence-Development-Disaster) security paradigm, covering external military security, internal security and non-traditional security, including the Duterte administration's “drug war”

摘要

菲律宾的国家安全面临三大威胁。首先，与发达国家不同，它面临着对其政治和领土主权的外部和内部攻击。其次，自我维持的经济安全仍然难以捉摸，该国未能效仿东盟邻国新加坡和马来西亚的经济成功。第三，群岛必须不断应对自然灾害的破坏性影响，包括火山爆发、台风和地震。马尼拉对这三种不同但相互关联的威胁的政策反应，受到西班牙、美国和日本四个世纪的占领的制约。菲律宾政府的工作仍在进行中，因为建立机构能力的各种努力产生了不平衡的结果。尽管如此，最近的创新政策方法具有指导意义。这些框架围绕着可能被称为 D3（国防-发展-灾难）安全范式，涵盖外部军事安全、内部安全和非传统安全，包括杜特尔特政府的“毒品战争”