Rationally designed architected materials have attained previously untapped territories in materials property space. The properties and behaviours of architected materials need not be stagnant after fabrication; they can be encoded with a temporal degree of freedom such that they evolve over time. In this Review, we describe the variety of materials architected in both space and time, and their responses to various stimuli, including mechanical actuation, changes in temperature and chemical environment, and variations in electromagnetic fields. We highlight the additive manufacturing methods that can precisely prescribe complex geometries and local inhomogeneities to make such responsiveness possible. We discuss the emergent physics phenomena observed in architected materials that are analogous to those in classical materials, such as the formation and behaviour of defects, phase transformations and topologically protected properties. Finally, we offer a perspective on the future of architected materials that have a degree of intelligence through mechanical logic and artificial neural networks.

合理设计的建筑材料在材料属性空间中获得了以前未开发的领域。建筑材料的性能和行为在制造后不必停滞不前；它们可以用时间自由度编码，以便它们随着时间的推移而演变。在这篇评论中，我们描述了在空间和时间上构建的各种材料，以及它们对各种刺激的响应，包括机械驱动、温度和化学环境的变化以及电磁场的变化。我们强调了可以精确规定复杂几何形状和局部不均匀性的增材制造方法，以使这种响应成为可能。我们讨论了在建筑材料中观察到的与经典材料类似的新兴物理现象，例如缺陷的形成和行为、相变和拓扑保护特性。最后，我们通过机械逻辑和人工神经网络提供了对具有一定智能程度的建筑材料的未来的看法。