Structural imaging remains an essential component of diagnosis, staging and response assessment in patients with cancer; however, as clinicians increasingly seek to noninvasively investigate tumour phenotypes and evaluate functional and molecular responses to therapy, theranostics — the combination of diagnostic imaging with targeted therapy — is becoming more widely implemented. The field of radiotheranostics, which is the focus of this Review, combines molecular imaging (primarily PET and SPECT) with targeted radionuclide therapy, which involves the use of small molecules, peptides and/or antibodies as carriers for therapeutic radionuclides, typically those emitting α-, β- or auger-radiation. The exponential, global expansion of radiotheranostics in oncology stems from its potential to target and eliminate tumour cells with minimal adverse effects, owing to a mechanism of action that differs distinctly from that of most other systemic therapies. Currently, an enormous opportunity exists to expand the number of patients who can benefit from this technology, to address the urgent needs of many thousands of patients across the world. In this Review, we describe the clinical experience with established radiotheranostics as well as novel areas of research and various barriers to progress.

结构成像仍然是癌症患者诊断、分期和反应评估的重要组成部分；然而，随着临床医生越来越多地寻求非侵入性研究肿瘤表型并评估对治疗的功能和分子反应，治疗诊断学（诊断成像与靶向治疗的结合）正在得到更广泛的应用。放射治疗领域是本次综述的重点，它将分子成像（主要是 PET 和 SPECT）与靶向放射性核素治疗相结合，其中涉及使用小分子、肽和/或抗体作为治疗性放射性核素的载体，通常是那些发射 α -、β-或螺旋辐射。指数，放射治疗在肿瘤学领域的全球扩张源于其以最小的副作用靶向和消除肿瘤细胞的潜力，因为其作用机制与大多数其他全身疗法明显不同。目前，存在巨大的机会来扩大可以从这项技术中受益的患者数量，以满足世界各地成千上万患者的迫切需求。在这篇综述中，我们描述了已建立的放射治疗学的临床经验以及新的研究领域和各种进展障碍。以满足世界各地成千上万患者的迫切需求。在这篇综述中，我们描述了已建立的放射治疗学的临床经验以及新的研究领域和各种进展障碍。以满足世界各地成千上万患者的迫切需求。在这篇综述中，我们描述了已建立的放射治疗学的临床经验以及新的研究领域和各种进展障碍。