Antibiotics used in animal production are a major source of environmental contamination since most of them are excreted in manure. However, studies on the impact of antimicrobial effects have focused on humans and livestock, neglecting the environment. The European Union (EU) adopted a strategy to prioritise environmental monitoring and develop tools to make it cost-effective. Our aim was to build a prioritisation tool at a national level to identify hotspot locations for highly occurring antibiotics in soils. Spain was selected as an example, due to its importance for biodiversity, agriculture, antibiotic use and livestock populations in the EU. We built soil vulnerability maps including information about antibiotic use, livestock census, rearing type (intensively reared or pasture animals), and scenario (crop land or pasture). This allowed the identification of sampling sites and antibiotic classes that may require more attention during the early stages of monitoring. The most vulnerable areas were located in the northeast of Spain (crop lands) and in a lesser extent in the west (pasture). A small proportion was located in “High Value Nature” farmlands, highlighting the need for prioritising sampling efforts in those areas because of their importance for biodiversity and ecosystem services. As major antibiotics, tetracyclines and beta-lactams contributed more to soil vulnerability than less commonly used antibiotics. Intensively reared pigs led to higher vulnerability than the other livestock types. We developed a Shiny dashboard to visualise our results in detail and an R script to execute the model for any antibiotic and country for which data on antibiotic use, livestock census, and raising type are available.

中文翻译：

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用于在国家一级监测土壤中兽药的优先工具：西班牙的案例

动物生产中使用的抗生素是环境污染的主要来源，因为它们大部分都通过粪便排出。然而，关于抗菌作用影响的研究主要集中在人类和牲畜身上，而忽略了环境。欧盟 (EU) 采用了一项战略，优先考虑环境监测并开发工具以使其具有成本效益。我们的目标是在国家层面建立一个优先排序工具，以确定土壤中高发抗生素的热点位置。西班牙因其对欧盟生物多样性、农业、抗生素使用和牲畜种群的重要性而被选为例子。我们建立了土壤脆弱性地图，包括有关抗生素使用、牲畜普查、饲养类型（集约饲养或放牧动物）和情景（农田或牧场）的信息。这允许在监测的早期阶段确定可能需要更多关注的采样点和抗生素类别。最脆弱的地区位于西班牙东北部（农田）和西部（牧场）的程度较小。一小部分位于“高价值自然”农田中，突出了在这些地区优先采样工作的必要性，因为它们对生物多样性和生态系统服务很重要。作为主要的抗生素，四环素类和β-内酰胺类比不常用的抗生素对土壤脆弱性的贡献更大。与其他牲畜类型相比，集约化饲养的猪导致更高的脆弱性。我们开发了一个闪亮的仪表板来详细可视化我们的结果，并开发了一个 R 脚本来为任何抗生素和有抗生素使用数据的国家/地区执行模型，