The mature seed of Paris polyphylla var. chinensis (PPC) is morphophysiologically dormant and develops differently under warm and cold temperatures. To elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying temperature-dependent regulation of PPC seed dormancy and germination, we investigated the dynamic changes in PPC seed transcript levels under warm and cold temperature stratifications (WS and CS, respectively) by time-resolved RNA sequencing, focusing on genes related to hormone metabolism and signaling and cell wall remodeling (CWRM) and encoding transcription factors/regulators (TFs/TRs). A total of 48 765 and 47 836 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were associated with WS and CS, respectively. Of these, 17 581 and 16 652 DEGs, respectively, unique to WS and CS, and 5 386 were common to both temperature stratifications across nine analyzed growth stages. The expression of hormone metabolism and signaling, TF/TR, and CWRM genes were closely associated with temperature. More genes related to gibberellin (GA), cytokinin, auxin, and brassinosteroid biosynthetic were upregulated in WS as compared to CS seeds, while genes related to dormancy release and germination were downregulated in WS seeds. However, only GA and abscisic acid levels were altered in PPC seeds breaking morphophysiological dormancy (MPD). Overall, 37 TF and five TR families were upregulated whereas 24 TF and 16 TR families were downregulated in WS as compared to CS seeds. Most CWRM families were highly expressed under WS as compared to CS, suggesting that they promote endosperm weakening and embryo growth of WS seeds and facilitate MPD release and germination. A coexpression analysis revealed positive correlations between TFs/TRs and DEGs involved in hormone metabolism and signaling and CWRM. These results provided a basis for investigating the interaction between the endosperm and underdeveloped embryo in the regulation of PPC seed germination and seedling emergence.

重楼var.的成熟种子。中华草（PPC）在形态生理上处于休眠状态，并且在温暖和寒冷的温度下发育不同。为了阐明 PPC 种子休眠和萌发温度依赖性调控的分子机制，我们通过时间分辨 RNA 测序研究了温暖和寒冷温度分层（分别为 WS 和 CS）下 PPC 种子转录物水平的动态变化，重点关注基因与激素代谢和信号传导以及细胞壁重塑（CWRM）和编码转录因子/调节因子（TF/TR）相关。共有 48 765 个和 47 836 个差异表达基因 (DEG) 分别与 WS 和 CS 相关。其中，WS 和 CS 特有的温度分层分别有 17 581 和 16 652 度，而 5 386 度是九个分析生长阶段的两个温度分层所共有的。激素代谢和信号传导、TF/TR和CWRM基因的表达与温度密切相关。与CS种子相比，更多与赤霉素（GA）、细胞分裂素、生长素和油菜素类固醇生物合成相关的基因在WS中上调，而与休眠释放和发芽相关的基因在WS种子中下调。然而，在打破形态生理休眠（MPD）的 PPC 种子中，只有 GA 和脱落酸水平发生改变。总体而言，与 CS 种子相比，WS 种子中 37 个 TF 和 5 个 TR 家族上调，而 24 个 TF 和 16 个 TR 家族下调。与CS相比，大多数CWRM家族在WS下高表达，这表明它们促进WS种子的胚乳弱化和胚胎生长，并促进MPD释放和萌发。共表达分析揭示了参与激素代谢和信号传导以及 CWRM 的 TF/TR 和 DEG 之间的正相关性。这些结果为研究胚乳与未发育胚之间的相互作用在PPC种子萌发和出苗调控中的相互作用提供了基础。