While the importance of reading development for understanding Chinese literacy acquisition and impairment is well documented, what underlies Chinese spelling development is not well understood. Although some spelling development theories have been proposed and have provided rich and detailed descriptions of the processes and skills involved in spelling development, the current understanding of spelling, at least in Chinese, is fragmented because many factors that influence spelling acquisition have been studied in various fields and have not been unified into a single coherent model. In addition, theories in alphabetic languages, which focus on phonological skills, are not easily applied to Chinese. Furthermore, few discuss spelling development with a particular focus on the complexity of the Chinese writing system. This review identifies the critical skills and knowledge of learning to spell Chinese that are necessary and develops a Chinese spelling model based on the background of features of the Chinese writing system. Four types of skills are included in the model, namely, phonological, visual-motor, visual-orthographic, and semantic skills. In addition, the development of these skills is discussed. The conceptual model indicates that Chinese spelling development relies more on pure visual-motor and phonological skills in the early stages and gradually depends more on visual-orthographic and semantic skills subsequently, once the basic skills are acquired. Theoretically, the proposed model integrates different component skills that are needed in Chinese spelling according to the features of the Chinese writing system. Practically, the proposed model points to a new way of understanding and diagnosing spelling difficulties in Chinese.

虽然阅读发展对于理解汉语读写能力的获得和损害的重要性已得到充分证明，但汉语拼写发展的基础却没有得到很好的理解。尽管已经提出了一些拼写发展理论，并对拼写发展所涉及的过程和技能提供了丰富而详细的描述，但目前对拼写的理解，至少在汉语中，是碎片化的，因为已经在各个领域研究了许多影响拼写习得的因素。领域，并没有被统一成一个单一的连贯模型。此外，专注于语音技能的字母语言理论也不容易应用于汉语。此外，很少有人讨论拼写发展，特别关注中文书写系统的复杂性。本综述确定了学习汉语拼写所必需的关键技能和知识，并根据汉语书写系统的特点开发了一个汉语拼写模型。该模型包括四种技能，即语音技能、视觉运动技能、视觉拼写技能和语义技能。此外，还讨论了这些技能的发展。概念模型表明，汉语拼写发展早期更多地依赖于纯粹的视觉运动和语音技能，一旦掌握了基本技能，随后逐渐更多地依赖于视觉拼写和语义技能。从理论上讲，该模型根据汉语书写系统的特点，整合了汉语拼写所需的不同组件技能。几乎，