The current study involved exposing adult F0 Gulf killifish (Fundulus grandis) to Macondo-252 oil for 36 to 44 days and assessing the effects of this oiling on the swimming performance and morphology in two generations of progeny reared in clean water. Following exposure to oil, the F0 fish were used as broodstock to generate four lineages of F1 fish using a full-matrix mating design derived from the gametes of clean and oil-exposed parents. Later, the four lineages of F1 fish were used as broodstock to create an F2 generation of the same four lineages. We found few differences in embryonic outcome (% dead,% hatched, and% unhatched) in any of the four lineages of F1 and F2 fish. However, as adults, F1 and F2 fish derived from oil-exposed males from the F0 generation had significantly lower critical swimming speeds (U_crit) than both the control and maternally oil-exposed lineages. Additionally, progeny of oil-exposed fish had altered body shape based on the statistical analysis of two-dimensional landmark-based geometric morphometrics. Fish from oil-exposed lineages showed increased body depth, altered spinal curvature, and changes in the upward angle of projection of the head. Both generations had a significant main effect of maternal and paternal oil exposure on shape; however, F0 paternal oil exposure explained more of the variance in shape across both generations relative to F0 maternal exposure. Our findings demonstrate that parental exposure to oil can impact the shape and aerobic swimming capacity of offspring for at least two generations after the original paternal oiling.

目前的研究涉及暴露成年 F0 海湾鳉鱼（Fundulus grandis) 使用 Macondo-252 油 36 至 44 天，并评估这种上油对在清洁水中饲养的两代后代的游泳性能和形态的影响。接触油后，将 F0 鱼用作亲鱼，使用源自清洁和油暴露父母配子的全基质交配设计产生四个 F1 鱼谱系。后来，F1 鱼的四个谱系被用作亲鱼，产生了相同四个谱系的 F2 代。我们发现 F1 和 F2 鱼的四个谱系中的任何一个的胚胎结果（死亡百分比、孵化百分比和未孵化百分比）几乎没有差异。然而，作为成年鱼，来自 F0 代油暴露雄性的 F1 和 F2 鱼的临界游泳速度显着降低（U _crit) 比对照和母系油暴露谱系。此外，基于二维地标几何形态测量学的统计分析，油暴露鱼的后代已经改变了体型。来自暴露于油的血统的鱼表现出增加的身体深度、改变的脊柱弯曲度以及头部向上投影角度的变化。母系和父系的油暴露对两代人的体型都有显着的主效应；然而，F0 父亲油暴露更多地解释了两代人相对于 F0 母体暴露的形状差异。我们的研究结果表明，在最初的父亲上油后，父母接触油会影响后代的形状和有氧游泳能力至少两代。