Air pollution is a major issue for human health with more than 7 million premature deaths per year due to indoor and outdoor air pollution. Exposure to particulate matter is correlated with adverse health effects in the short and long run. Evaluating the health risk from exposure to particulate matter is challenging because particulate matter contains many contaminants and observed diseases result from multiple causes. Here we review advanced methods for the evaluation of cancer and non-cancer risks induced by exposure to contaminants in particulate matter. Contaminants include polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, phthalates, dioxins, furans, dioxin-like polychlorobiphenyls, and major and trace elements. We discuss risk assessment by ingestion, inhalation, and dermal contact, and for population age categories. We observe that the highest contributions to cancer risk come from benzo[a]pyrene, indeno[1,2,3-c,d]pyrene, benzo[k]fluoranthene, dibenz[a,h]anthracene, chromium, arsenic, cadmium, and cobalt.

空气污染是人类健康的一个主要问题，每年有超过 700 万人因室内和室外空气污染而过早死亡。从短期和长期来看，接触颗粒物与不利的健康影响相关。评估暴露于颗粒物的健康风险具有挑战性，因为颗粒物含有许多污染物，并且观察到的疾病是由多种原因引起的。在这里，我们回顾了评估因暴露于颗粒物中的污染物而引起的癌症和非癌症风险的先进方法。污染物包括多环芳烃、邻苯二甲酸酯、二恶英、呋喃、类二恶英多氯联苯以及主要和微量元素。我们讨论了通过摄入、吸入和皮肤接触以及人群年龄类别进行的风险评估。