Cell-based drug delivery systems (DDSs) have received attention recently because of their unique biological properties and self-powered functions, such as excellent biocompatibility, low immunogenicity, long circulation time, tissue-homing characteristics, and ability to cross biological barriers. A variety of cells, including erythrocytes, stem cells, and lymphocytes, have been explored as functional vectors for the loading and delivery of various therapeutic payloads (e.g., small-molecule and nucleic acid drugs) for subsequent disease treatment. These cell-based DDSs have their own unique in vivo fates, which are attributed to various factors, including their biological properties and functions, the loaded drugs and loading process, physiological and pathological circumstances, and the body's response to these carrier cells, which result in differences in drug delivery efficiency and therapeutic effect. In this review, we summarize the main cell-based DDSs and their biological properties and functions, applications in drug delivery and disease treatment, and in vivo fate and influencing factors. We envision that the unique biological properties, combined with continuing research, will enable development of cell-based DDSs as friendly drug vectors for the safe, effective, and even personalized treatment of diseases.

近年来，基于细胞的药物递送系统（DDS）因其独特的生物学特性和自供电功能而受到关注，例如优异的生物相容性、低免疫原性、长循环时间、组织归巢 特性和跨越生物屏障的能力。已经探索了包括红细胞、干细胞和淋巴细胞在内的多种细胞作为功能载体，用于装载和递送各种治疗有效载荷（例如，小分子和核酸药物）以用于随后的疾病治疗。这些基于细胞的 DDS在体内有其独特之处这与多种因素有关，包括它们的生物学特性和功能、装载的药物和装载过程、生理和病理情况以及机体对这些载体细胞的反应，从而导致药物输送效率和治疗效果的差异。在这篇综述中，我们总结了主要的基于细胞的 DDS 及其生物学特性和功能、在药物输送和疾病治疗中的应用、体内命运和影响因素。我们设想，独特的生物学特性与持续研究相结合，将使基于细胞的 DDS 成为安全、有效甚至个性化治疗疾病的友好药物载体。