Nanomaterials (NMs) with unique structures and compositions can give rise to exotic physicochemical properties and applications. Despite the advancement in solution-based methods, scalable access to a wide range of crystal phases and intricate compositions is still challenging. Solid-state reaction (SSR) syntheses have high potential owing to their flexibility toward multielemental phases under feasibly high temperatures and solvent-free conditions as well as their scalability and simplicity. Controlling the nanoscale features through SSRs demands a strategic nanospace-confinement approach due to the risk of heat-induced reshaping and sintering. Here, we describe advanced SSR strategies for NM synthesis, focusing on mechanistic insights, novel nanoscale phenomena, and underlying principles using a series of examples under different categories. After introducing the history of classical SSRs, key theories, and definitions central to the topic, we categorize various modern SSR strategies based on the surrounding solid-state media used for nanostructure growth, conversion, and migration under nanospace or dimensional confinement. This comprehensive review will advance the quest for new materials design, synthesis, and applications.

中文翻译：

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纳米材料的固态反应合成：策略与应用

具有独特结构和组成的纳米材料 (NM) 可以产生奇异的物理化学性质和应用。尽管基于溶液的方法取得了进步，但对各种晶相和复杂成分的可扩展访问仍然具有挑战性。固态反应 (SSR) 合成具有很高的潜力，因为它们在可行的高温和无溶剂条件下对多元素相具有灵活性，以及​​它们的可扩展性和简单性。由于存在热诱导重塑和烧结的风险，通过 SSR 控制纳米级特征需要战略性的纳米空间限制方法。在这里，我们使用不同类别下的一系列示例描述了用于 NM 合成的高级 SSR 策略，重点关注机械见解、新颖的纳米级现象和基本原理。在介绍了经典 SSR 的历史、关键理论和该主题的核心定义后，我们根据用于纳米空间或尺寸限制下纳米结构生长、转换和迁移的周围固态介质对各种现代 SSR 策略进行分类。这项全面的审查将推动对新材料设计、合成和应用的探索。