This study evaluates the potential impacts of off-peak delivery (OPD) for greenhouse gases and air pollutant emissions, with an application to the Greater Toronto Area. Multiple scenarios are formulated. OPD improves network congestion and travel times but increases vehicle kilometers travelled (VKT). The increase in VKT is attributed to road freight vehicles modifying their routing during the off-peak to longer routes. VKT generation is also attributed to induced passenger travel demand generated in response to improvements in traffic conditions during the daytime. Induced VKT plays an important role in limiting the reductions in greenhouse gases and nitrogen oxide emissions attributable to OPD. Yet, OPD scenarios reduce the emissions of fine particulate matter for both passenger and freight vehicles by reducing congestion. While total daily emissions either decrease or change minimally, the spatio-temporal distribution of emissions indicates increases in night-time emissions, particularly in communities located around highways and major arterial roads.

本研究评估了非高峰期交付 (OPD) 对温室气体和空气污染物排放的潜在影响，并将其应用于大多伦多地区。制定了多种方案。OPD 改善了网络拥堵和旅行时间，但增加了车辆行驶里程 (VKT)。VKT 的增加归因于公路货运车辆在非高峰期将其路线修改为更长的路线。VKT 的产生也归因于响应白天交通状况的改善而产生的乘客出行需求。诱导 VKT 在限制温室气体和氮氧化物的减少方面发挥着重要作用可归因于 OPD 的排放。然而，OPD 情景通过减少拥堵来减少客运和货运车辆的细颗粒物排放。虽然每日总排放量减少或变化很小，但排放量的时空分布表明夜间排放量增加，特别是在高速公路和主要干道周围的社区。