The objective of this study was to compare human adenoviruses (HAdVs) genome and infectivity, polyomaviruses (JC and BK) genome (JCPyVs) and (BKPyVs), Pepper Mild Mottle Virus (PMMoV) genome and infectivity, and infectious bacteriophages as viral indices for sewage and water samples. One hundred and forty-four samples were collected from inlets and outlets of water and wastewater treatment plants (WTPs), and WWTPs within Greater Cairo from October 2015 till March 2017. Two methods of viral concentration [Aluminium hydroxide (Al(OH)₃) precipitation method and adsorption-elution technique followed by organic flocculation method] were compared to determine which of them was the best method to concentrate viruses from sewage and water. Although samples with only one litre volume were concentrated using Al(OH)₃ precipitation method and the same samples with larger volumes (5–20 L) were concentrated using the adsorption-elution technique followed by the organic flocculation method, a non-significant difference was observed between the efficiency of the two methods in all types of samples except for the drinking water samples. Based on the qualitative prevalence of studied viruses in water and wastewater samples, the number of genome copies and infectious units in the same samples, resistance to treatment processes in water and wastewater treatment plants, higher frequency of both adenoviruses and PMMoV genomes as candidate viral indices in treated sewage and drinking water was observed. The problem of having a viral genome as indices of viral pollution is that it does not express the recent viral pollution because of the longer survivability of the viral genome than the infectious units in water and wastewater. Both infectious adenovirus and infectious phiX174 bacteriophage virus showed similar efficiencies as indices for viral pollution in drinking water and treated sewage samples. On the other hand, qualitative detection of infectious PMMoV failed to express efficiently the presence/absence of infectious enteric viruses in drinking water samples. Infectious adenoviruses and infectious bacteriophage phiX174 virus may be better candidates than adenoviruses genome, polyomaviruses genome, and PMMoV genome and infectivity as viral indices for water and wastewater.

本研究的目的是比较人类腺病毒 (HAdVs) 基因组和传染性、多瘤病毒 (JC 和 BK) 基因组 (JCPyVs) 和 (BKPyVs)、胡椒温和斑驳病毒 (PMMoV) 基因组和传染性，以及作为病毒指标的传染性噬菌体污水和水样。从 2015 年 10 月至 2017 年 3 月，从水和废水处理厂 (WTP) 的入口和出口以及大开罗的 WWTP 收集了 144 个样本。病毒浓缩的两种方法 [氢氧化铝 (Al(OH) ₃ )比较了沉淀法和吸附-洗脱技术，然后是有机絮凝法]，以确定哪种方法是从污水和水中浓缩病毒的最佳方法。尽管只有一升体积的样品使用 Al(OH)₃沉淀法和较大体积（5-20​​ L）的相同样品使用吸附-洗脱技术和有机絮凝法进行浓缩，在所有类型的样品中观察到两种方法的效率之间没有显着差异，除了用于饮用水样品。基于研究病毒在水和废水样本中的定​​性流行率、同一样本中基因组拷贝数和感染单位的数量、水和废水处理厂对处理过程的抵抗力、腺病毒和 PMMoV 基因组作为候选病毒指标的频率更高在处理过的污水和饮用水中观察到。将病毒基因组作为病毒污染指标的问题在于，它不表达最近的病毒污染，因为病毒基因组的生存能力比水和废水中的感染单位更长。传染性腺病毒和传染性 phiX174 噬菌体病毒都显示出与饮用水和处理过的污水样本中病毒污染指数相似的效率。另一方面，传染性 PMMoV 的定性检测未能有效地表达饮用水样品中传染性肠道病毒的存在/不存在。传染性腺病毒和传染性噬菌体 phiX174 病毒可能比腺病毒基因组、多瘤病毒基因组和 PMMoV 基因组更适合作为水和废水的病毒指标。传染性腺病毒和传染性 phiX174 噬菌体病毒都显示出与饮用水和处理过的污水样本中病毒污染指数相似的效率。另一方面，传染性 PMMoV 的定性检测未能有效地表达饮用水样品中传染性肠道病毒的存在/不存在。传染性腺病毒和传染性噬菌体 phiX174 病毒可能比腺病毒基因组、多瘤病毒基因组和 PMMoV 基因组更适合作为水和废水的病毒指标。传染性腺病毒和传染性 phiX174 噬菌体病毒都显示出与饮用水和处理过的污水样本中病毒污染指数相似的效率。另一方面，传染性 PMMoV 的定性检测未能有效地表达饮用水样品中传染性肠道病毒的存在/不存在。传染性腺病毒和传染性噬菌体 phiX174 病毒可能比腺病毒基因组、多瘤病毒基因组和 PMMoV 基因组更适合作为水和废水的病毒指标。传染性 PMMoV 的定性检测未能有效地表达饮用水样品中传染性肠道病毒的存在/不存在。传染性腺病毒和传染性噬菌体 phiX174 病毒可能比腺病毒基因组、多瘤病毒基因组和 PMMoV 基因组更适合作为水和废水的病毒指标。传染性 PMMoV 的定性检测未能有效地表达饮用水样品中传染性肠道病毒的存在/不存在。传染性腺病毒和传染性噬菌体 phiX174 病毒可能比腺病毒基因组、多瘤病毒基因组和 PMMoV 基因组更适合作为水和废水的病毒指标。