Recent studies have shown that the façade and light patterns in a space are an important factor in the occupants' experience, but little is known about the generalizability of these findings in different lighting conditions, uses of space, or latitudes. This study employed virtual reality to investigate the effects of façade geometry and daylight patterns on space impressions and physiological responses (skin conductance, heart rate, and heart rate variability), while simultaneously examining the effect of sky type, spatial context, and latitude on participant responses. In an experimental study conducted in Switzerland and Greece, 256 participants were exposed to immersive interior scenes with six façade geometry variations with the same perforation ratio, derived from contemporary architecture. Participants evaluated the scenes under different sky types (clear sky with high or low sun angle, or overcast sky) and spatial contexts (working or socializing). The façade geometry influenced both the appraisal (how pleasant, interesting, exciting, or calming the space was perceived) and the visual appearance of the space (how complex, bright, or spacious the space was perceived). Façade geometry also influenced the reported satisfaction with the amount of view, with a façade variation with small, irregularly distributed openings driving this effect. Neither the sky type nor the spatial context influenced space impressions. Results showed a significant effect of country and an interaction between country and façade geometry only for ratings of excitement, with participants in Greece rating specific façade variations as more exciting than participants in Switzerland. Skin conductance level (logΔSCL) decreased under exposure to a social context in clear sky with a low sun angle compared to a working context in overcast sky conditions. No significant effects were found for the other physiological measures. The results of the present study show that façade geometry was the main driver of the participants’ spatial experience, inducing perceptual effects that were robust to variations in sky type and space function and to regional differences (except for excitement). These findings have implications for the built environment, delineating the façade geometry as an important design tool with a high application potential across lighting conditions and space uses, and across latitudes between central and southern Europe.

最近的研究表明，空间中的立面和光模式是居住者体验的重要因素，但对于这些发现在不同照明条件、空间用途或纬度下的普遍性知之甚少。本研究采用虚拟现实来研究立面几何形状和日光模式对空间印象和生理反应（皮肤电导、心率和心率变异性）的影响，同时检查天空类型、空间背景和纬度对参与者的影响回应。在瑞士和希腊进行的一项实验研究中，256 名参与者被暴露在沉浸式室内场景中，这些场景具有六种具有相同穿孔比的立面几何变化，源自当代建筑。参与者评估了不同天空类型（晴空，太阳角度高或低，或阴天）和空间环境（工作或社交）下的场景。立面几何形状影响评价（感知空间的愉快、有趣、令人兴奋或平静的程度）和空间的视觉外观（感知空间的复杂、明亮或宽敞程度）。立面几何形状也影响了人们对视野数量的满意度，立面变化与不规则分布的小开口推动了这种效果。天空类型和空间背景都不会影响空间印象。结果显示国家的显着影响以及国家和立面几何之间的相互作用仅用于兴奋评级，希腊的参与者认为特定的立面变化比瑞士的参与者更令人兴奋。与阴天条件下的工作环境相比，在阳光角度较低的晴朗天空中，皮肤电导水平 (logΔSCL) 会降低。其他生理指标未发现显着影响。本研究的结果表明，立面几何形状是参与者空间体验的主要驱动力，其诱发的感知效应对天空类型和空间功能的变化以及区域差异（兴奋除外）具有鲁棒性。这些发现对建筑环境有影响，将立面几何描述为一种重要的设计工具，在照明条件和空间使用方面具有很高的应用潜力，