Abstract

Ultrasonically activated persulfate (${\mathrm{S}}_2{\mathrm{O}}_8^{\mathrm{2-}}$, PS) or peroxymonosulfate (HS${\mathrm{O}}_5^{\mathrm{-}}$, PMS) processes have sparked a lot of interest in the degradation of emerging contaminants in the recent years, because of their excellent potential and adaptability. In this review, the synergistic effects of ultrasound (US) and other activating agents such as heat, ultraviolet light (UV), electricity, and heavy metals were analyzed in order to make recommendations for commercial exploitation. Several designs of ultrasonic reactors in the direct or indirect mode of operation were discussed with possible use in the activation of PS/PMS for the degradation of refractory compounds. Applications of suitable sonoreactor configurations for PS/PMS activation in water treatment, disinfection, wastewater treatment (synthetic/real wastewater), soil, and sludge treatment were presented. It has been elucidated that the selection of optimized designs of sonoreactor considering the various parameters including geometric (type of acoustic device, number of transducers, configuration/arrangement of transducers) and operating parameters (power dissipation, irradiating frequency, duty cycle) is important to maximize the efficacy for PS/PMS activation. A systematic insight into the mechanism of US and PS/PMS combination as well as the synergistic effect of US/other activating agents on PS/PMS activation is also highlighted in this review. The work has clearly elucidated the key process intensification benefits in terms of higher oxidation capacity, reduced treatment times and cost of operation based on expected synergism in various combinations.

摘要

超声波活化过硫酸盐（${\mathrm{小号}}_{\mathrm{2个}}{\mathrm{欧}}_{\mathrm{8个}}^{\mathrm{2-}}$, PS) 或过氧单硫酸盐 (HS${\mathrm{欧}}_{\mathrm{5个}}^{\mathrm{-}}$, PMS) 过程由于其出色的潜力和适应性，近年来引起了人们对新兴污染物降解的广泛兴趣。在这篇综述中，分析了超声波 (US) 和其他活化剂（如热、紫外光 (UV)、电和重金属）的协同效应，以便为商业开发提出建议。讨论了几种直接或间接操作模式的超声波反应器设计，可能用于活化 PS/PMS 以降解难熔化合物。介绍了适用于 PS/PMS 活化的声反应器配置在水处理、消毒、废水处理（合成/实际废水）、土壤和污泥处理中的应用。已经阐明，考虑各种参数包括几何（声学装置的类型、换能器的数量、换能器的配置/布置）和操作参数（功耗、辐射频率、占空比）的声反应器优化设计的选择对于最大限度地提高 PS/PMS 激活的功效。本综述还强调了对美国和 PS/PMS 组合机制的系统洞察，以及美国/其他激活剂对 PS/PMS 激活的协同作用。该工作清楚地阐明了基于各种组合的预期协同作用，在提高氧化能力、减少处理时间和运营成本方面的关键工艺强化效益。换能器的数量、换能器的配置/布置）和操作参数（功耗、辐射频率、占空比）对于最大化 PS/PMS 激活的功效很重要。本综述还强调了对美国和 PS/PMS 组合机制的系统洞察，以及美国/其他激活剂对 PS/PMS 激活的协同作用。该工作清楚地阐明了基于各种组合的预期协同作用，在提高氧化能力、减少处理时间和运营成本方面的关键工艺强化效益。换能器的数量、换能器的配置/布置）和操作参数（功耗、辐射频率、占空比）对于最大化 PS/PMS 激活的功效很重要。本综述还强调了对美国和 PS/PMS 组合机制的系统洞察，以及美国/其他激活剂对 PS/PMS 激活的协同作用。该工作清楚地阐明了基于各种组合的预期协同作用，在提高氧化能力、减少处理时间和运营成本方面的关键工艺强化效益。本综述还强调了对美国和 PS/PMS 组合机制的系统洞察，以及美国/其他激活剂对 PS/PMS 激活的协同作用。该工作清楚地阐明了基于各种组合的预期协同作用，在提高氧化能力、减少处理时间和运营成本方面的关键工艺强化效益。本综述还强调了对美国和 PS/PMS 组合机制的系统洞察，以及美国/其他激活剂对 PS/PMS 激活的协同作用。该工作清楚地阐明了基于各种组合的预期协同作用，在提高氧化能力、减少处理时间和运营成本方面的关键工艺强化效益。