The worldwide burden of stroke remains high, with increasing time-to-treatment correlated with worse outcomes. Yet stroke subtype determination, most importantly between stroke/non-stroke and ischemic/hemorrhagic stroke, is not confirmed until hospital CT diagnosis, resulting in suboptimal prehospital triage and delayed treatment. In this study, we survey portable, non-invasive diagnostic technologies that could streamline triage by making this initial determination of stroke type, thereby reducing time-to-treatment. Following PRISMA guidelines, we performed a scoping review of portable stroke diagnostic devices. The search was executed in PubMed and Scopus, and all studies testing technology for the detection of stroke or intracranial hemorrhage were eligible for inclusion. Extracted data included type of technology, location, feasibility, time to results, and diagnostic accuracy. After a screening of 296 studies, 16 papers were selected for inclusion. Studied devices utilized various types of diagnostic technology, including near-infrared spectroscopy (6), ultrasound (4), electroencephalography (4), microwave technology (1), and volumetric impedance spectroscopy (1). Three devices were tested prior to hospital arrival, 6 were tested in the emergency department, and 7 were tested in unspecified hospital settings. Median measurement time was 3 minutes (IQR: 3 minutes to 5.6 minutes). Several technologies showed high diagnostic accuracy in severe stroke and intracranial hematoma detection. Numerous emerging portable technologies have been reported to detect and stratify stroke to potentially improve prehospital triage. However, the majority of these current technologies are still in development and utilize a variety of accuracy metrics, making inter-technology comparisons difficult. Standardizing evaluation of diagnostic accuracy may be helpful in further optimizing portable stroke detection technology for clinical use.

中文翻译：

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便携式中风检测设备：院前应用的系统范围审查

世界范围内的卒中负担仍然很高，治疗时间的增加与较差的结果相关。然而，中风亚型的确定，最重要的是中风/非中风和缺血性/出血性中风之间的确定，直到医院 CT 诊断才得到确认，导致院前分诊和治疗延误。在这项研究中，我们调查了便携式非侵入性诊断技术，这些技术可以通过初步确定中风类型来简化分诊，从而缩短治疗时间。根据 PRISMA 指南，我们对便携式卒中诊断设备进行了范围审查。搜索在 PubMed 和 Scopus 中进行，所有测试中风或颅内出血检测技术的研究都符合纳入条件。提取的数据包括技术类型、位置、可行性、得出结果的时间和诊断的准确性。经过对 296 项研究的筛选，有 16 篇论文被选入。研究的设备利用了各种类型的诊断技术，包括近红外光谱 (6)、超声 (4)、脑电图 (4)、微波技术 (1) 和体积阻抗谱 (1)。三个设备在到达医院之前进行了测试，6 个在急诊室进行了测试，7 个在未指定的医院环境中进行了测试。中位测量时间为 3 分钟（IQR：3 分钟至 5.6 分钟）。几项技术在严重中风和颅内血肿检测中显示出很高的诊断准确性。据报道，许多新兴的便携式技术可以检测和分层中风，以潜在地改善院前分诊。然而，这些当前技术中的大多数仍处于开发阶段，并利用各种准确度指标，使得技术间比较变得困难。标准化诊断准确性评估可能有助于进一步优化临床使用的便携式卒中检测技术。