In many countries, where wastewater irrigation has become a common practice, the accumulation of heavy metals by crops has been regarded as a severe environmental hazard. The evaluation of the toxic element lead (Pb) in water, agricultural soils and food crops, and their potential damage to human health, is the focus of the present study. Samples of eleven food crops, soil, with three treatments, waste, canal, and tube well waters, were collected from three feeding sites, Sargodha city, Sahiwal, Shahpur, and evaluated for Pb concentration. The results indicates that the range of Pb in the water, soil and crop samples were from 0.023 to 0.039 mg/L, 2.932–13.687 mg/kg and 1.241–4.825 mg/kg, respectively. The metal concentration was significantly higher (P < 0.001) in wastewater treated soil and crop samples that exceed the permissible limit of the World Health Organization (WHO). There is a positive correlation between the Pb concentration in the soil and crop samples. The pollution load index and enrichment factor are greater than 1, indicating a high level of soil contamination and the influence of natural and anthropogenic sources of Pb metal accumulation in soils. The bioconcentration factor (BCF), daily intake of metal (DIM), health risk index (HRI) and metal values are less than 1, indicating that toxic Pb are present in lower quantities in food crops and had no health risks to consumers. In wastewater treated soils, there is a significant accumulation of Pb toxicity. Therefore, it is vitally important to address Pb contamination and its potential entrance route into the human food chain.

在许多国家，废水灌溉已成为一种普遍做法，作物对重金属的积累被认为是一种严重的环境危害。评估水、农业土壤和粮食作物中的有毒元素铅 (Pb) 及其对人类健康的潜在危害是本研究的重点。从 Sahiwal 的 Sargodha 市的三个饲养点收集了 11 种粮食作物、土壤、三种处理方法、废物、运河和管井水的样本，Shahpur，并评估铅浓度。结果表明，水、土壤和农作物样品中Pb的含量范围分别为0.023~0.039 mg/L、2.932~13.687 mg/kg和1.241~4.825 mg/kg。经废水处理的土壤和作物样品中的金属浓度显着高于世界卫生组织 (WHO) 的允许限值 (P < 0.001)。土壤中的铅浓度与农作物样品呈正相关。污染负荷指数和富集因子均大于1，表明土壤污染程度较高，受自然和人为源的影响土壤中金属铅的积累。生物富集因子（BCF）、每日金属摄入量（DIM）、健康风险指数（HRI）和金属值均小于1，表明有毒铅在粮食作物中的含量较低，对消费者没有健康风险。在废水处理过的土壤中，铅的毒性显着积累。因此，解决铅污染及其进入人类食物链的潜在途径至关重要。